Heat, Light, Sound

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Heat, Light and Sound

Energy
First let’s talk about energy.
 Energy is when
something has the
ability to do work.

 Examples: fire can


make heat energy, the
sun can make light
energy and a trumpet
can make sound
energy.
Forms of energy waves
 Many forms of energy travel in
waves.

 Mechanical waves, like sound


waves, seismic waves and water
waves, need a medium to travel
through. A medium is anything
in which an energy wave can
flow through.

 Electromagnetic waves like


visible light and radio waves can
travel through nothing as well as
many different mediums.
Waves
 Energy often travels in waves and
the strength of the energy
depends on how high the wave is
or how close the waves are
together.

 Transverse waves move at a right


angle to the energy flow.

 The highest point of a transverse


waves is called a crest and the
lowest point is called a trough.
Wavelength
 Wavelength is the
distance between two
crests of a wave or
two troughs.
Amplitude
 Amplitude is the
measure of how
much energy a wave
is carrying.

 The greater the


amplitude, the greater
the energy.
Frequency
 The frequency is the number of
waves that pass by a set point in
a second.

 Frequency is measured in hertz


(waves per second).

 Frequency is related to
wavelength. The larger the
wavelength the lower the
frequency. The smaller the wave
length the higher the frequency.

 The higher the frequency the


greater the energy.
What do you think?
 What has more energy?
 A wave with a high amplitude
and a short wave length.
 Or a wave with a long
wavelength and a short
amplitude.
 The wave with a high
amplitude and a short
wavelength has a lot more
energy.
Heat
 Heat is the total amount of
energy an object has because of
its moving molecules.
 Heat is capable of being
transmitted through solids and
liquids by conduction, through
fluid media by convection, and
through empty space by
radiation.
Temperature vs. Heat
Heat is the total amount of
energy in a system
Temperature is a measure of the
average kinetic energy of each Consider each glass to be a system
atom in that system.
Example:
Both glasses have the same
temperature (molecules are
Same temperature Lower heat
moving at same speed) but a Higher heat
different heat because the
glass with more water has
more molecules moving
around to transfer the energy.
Conduction
 Conductor- remember a conductor is
an object that allows energy (like heat
and electricity) to travel through it
easily.

 Conduction is the transfer of heat


between two objects because they are
touching each other.

 Examples:

 Placing a pan on a burner


 Touching a curling iron with your hand
Types of Conductors
 Good conductors are objects that energy
(like heat) flows through easily.

 Metal is a great conductor, that is


why we use it for pans.

 Poor conductors are objects that energy


does not travel well through. We call
these insulators.

 Wood, cloth, plastic and rubber are


insulators because they do not allow
energy to pass through them easily.
That is why they are used for things
like pot holders and handles, so that
you do not burn yourself.
Convection
 Convection is the transfer of heat
through liquids and gases as
molecules circulate in currents.
Convection represents the transfer
of heat by circulation or
movement of the hot particles to
cooler areas.
Convection through liquids.
Convection through liquids (water)
* A pan full of water heats up
on a stove. First the water on
the bottom heats up. The hot
water then is pushed out of
the way by the cooler water
on top (because cool water
sinks) and this water warms
up. This will go on until all of
the water is the same
temperature. If the water
continues to heat up it will
evaporate. This circulation of
heat is called convection.
Convection through gases.
Convection through gas (air)
* As the hot ground warms
the cool air above it, the air
starts to rise. Warm air
always rises because it is less
dense. Cool air always sinks
because it is more dense. As
the air warms up, cooler air
sinks and pushes the warm
air up and out of the way.
This movement of heat
energy through the air is
called convection.
Radiation
 Radiation is the transfer of
energy by electromagnetic waves.

 Radiation can travel through


space (nothing).
 The sun’s radiant energy
(radiation) travels through space
to Earth and warms us up.
 Examples
 The sun warming your face.
 Heat from a light bulb (without
touching it).
Absorption
 Absorption – Taking in or
swallowing up energy.
 Examples
 When you touch a hot object your
hand will absorb the energy and your
hand will become warmer. (heat is
energy!
 Solar panels absorb heat energy from
the sun and turn it into usable power.
 Earth absorbs the sun’s radiant energy
and that heat warms Earth’s cooler
air. That is how Earth is warm
enough to live on.
 Light is a form of energy that
Light
zooms around in both waves and
particles (photons).
 There is both artificial light and
natural light.
 Artificial light
 Light bulbs
 Candle and other burning
objects
 Natural Light
 Sun
 Chemical reactions in animals
Forms of radiant energy
 Radiant energy is a form of
energy transferred by
radiation. This energy can
pass through space and it
described as a spectrum.

 The different forms of radiant


energy are:

 Radio, TV, Microwave, Infra


Red, Visible Light, Ultra
Violet Light, X-Ray,
Gamma
 A spectrum is a series of
energy bands. The colors red,
orange, yellow, green, blue,
indigo, and violet, arranged in
order of their wavelengths and
seen when white light passes
through a prism. (Roy G. Biv)
Photons
 Light travels in two ways:
through photons and through
waves.

 Photons are tiny, invisible,


packets of light.

 Photons have different levels of


energy. The shorter the
wavelength the higher the
energy.

 Red light has the longest


wavelength and the least amount
of energy.
 Light moves in waves also.
Waves
 Waves are measured by their
frequency, or how closely they
travel together.

 High frequency waves travel


closer together and have a
higher energy.

 Low frequency waves travel


farther apart and have a lower
energy.

 Wavelength is the distance


between the peaks of two
different waves.
Refraction
 Normally light travels in a straight
path, but when it hits an object of a
different density the light will bend
this is called refraction.

 Refraction – When light bends as it


travels from one medium to another.

 A medium is any substance


through which a wave is transmitted
(sent through).

 Light does not need a medium in


order to travel, it can travel through
space where there are not air
particles to carry it. This is useful
otherwise we would not be able to
use the sun’s energy.
Hey that’s me!
Reflection
 Our ability to see depends on the
reflection of light.

 Reflection is when rays of light


or heat are reflected, or bounced
off other objects.
 If light reflects off a smooth
surface (like a mirror) it will
bounce off at the same angle.
This is how we are able to see
our selves perfectly through a flat
mirror.
Hit Me!! sol.sci.uop.edu

 Light hits objects at certain


angles.

 Angle of incidence – The


angle at which light strikes a
surface.

 Angle of reflection – The


angle at which light bounces
off a surface

Mathresources.com
Color in light
 Visible light is made up of many
different colors.

 White light is the combination


of all colors.

 Blackness is the absence of all


light.

 We see colors when a particular


color is reflected off the surface
of an object. The other colors
are absorbed.

 Colored light can be combined


to create different colors.
Prisms
 We can see the different colors of light
when white light enters a prism and
refracts (bends).

 Remember a prism is a 3D shape with


two bases that are the same shape.

 The prism refracts the light and


separates the colors. Each color of
light bends slightly differently than the
others.

 A rainbow occurs because raindrops


act as prisms. The sunlight enters the
raindrop and is refracted, creating a
rainbow.
Sound
 Sound, like heat and light, is a form of
energy.

 Sound is heard because it makes air


particles vibrate (rapid back and forth
movement).

 Sound travels through air as sound waves.


Sound waves travel in all directions from
the source of the wave.

 Sound waves are different from


electromagnetic waves, because sound
waves need a medium to pass through. If
sound waves don’t have something to pass
through, they don’t go anywhere.

 Sound can also travel through water, metal


and other things.
Pitch
 Pitch is how high or low a
sounds is.

 Pitch depends on how close


together the waves are in a
sound wave or high the
frequency is.

 The closer the waves are the


higher the pitch.

 Waves with a lower frequency,


or waves that are farther apart,
have a lower pitch.
Loudness or Volume
 The loudness of a sound is called
volume. How loud a sound is
depends upon how many particles
are moved by the sound wave, or
how high the amplitude of a wave
is.
 If a sound wave moves a lot of
particles, the sound is loud.
 If a sound wave moves a small
amount of particles, the sound is
soft.
 A sound wave with a loud sound
has a high amplitude and visa
versa.
Decibels
 The loudness of a sound is
measured in decibels.

 The higher the decibel the


louder the sound is.

 What object has the loudest


sound?
Sound
 Sound waves don’t only travel
travels
through air (gas).

 Sounds travels farther through


solids and liquids because the
particles in solids and liquids are
closer together than they are in
gases.
What happens to sound waves?
 The farther away you are from a
sound, the harder it is to hear.
 This is because as sound travels
it loses energy. It will eventually
run out of energy and the sound
can no longer be heard.
 Loud sounds have more energy
and it takes them longer to lose
their energy.

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