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Infinite Wing Vs Finite Wing

1) The U2 flies at high altitudes where air density is low, allowing it to fly at slow speeds with high angles of attack and lift coefficients. It has a high aspect ratio of 14.3. 2) The F-15 flies at lower altitudes with higher air densities, requiring high speeds with low angles of attack and lift coefficients. It has a lower aspect ratio of around 3. 3) Due to its high aspect ratio and low speed flight, the U2 would be more sensitive to atmospheric turbulence compared to the F-15's low aspect ratio and high speed flight.

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Badal Machchhar
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386 views7 pages

Infinite Wing Vs Finite Wing

1) The U2 flies at high altitudes where air density is low, allowing it to fly at slow speeds with high angles of attack and lift coefficients. It has a high aspect ratio of 14.3. 2) The F-15 flies at lower altitudes with higher air densities, requiring high speeds with low angles of attack and lift coefficients. It has a lower aspect ratio of around 3. 3) Due to its high aspect ratio and low speed flight, the U2 would be more sensitive to atmospheric turbulence compared to the F-15's low aspect ratio and high speed flight.

Uploaded by

Badal Machchhar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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U2 VS.

F-15
1
L  W   V SC L
C L2
C D  cd 
2

2 eAR

U2 F-15
• Cruise at 70,000 ft • Flies at high speed (and lower
– Air density highly reduced altitudes), so high q∞ → low
• Flies at slow speeds, low q∞ → angle of attack, low CL
high angle of attack, high CL
• AR ~ 3
• AR ~ 14.3

AR ↑ and Di ↓, but which to control b2 or S?


1
WING LOADING (W/S), SPAN LOADING (W/b) AND ASPECT RATIO (b2/S)

W W  b Span loading (W/b), wing loading (W/S)


  and AR (b2/S) are related
b  S  AR

D0  q SC D , 0 Zero-lift drag, D0 is proportional to wing area


2
1 W 
Di    Induced drag, Di, is proportional to square
eq  b  of span loading

Di  1  W  
2
1
    Take ratio of these drags, Di/D0
D0  eq  b   q SC D , 0

W2

W    
S 
2
W
S
2 Re-write W2/(b2S) in terms of AR and substitute into
drag ratio Di/D0
2
b2S b AR
S 1: For specified W/S (set by take-off or landing
requirements) and CD,0 (airfoil choice), increasing AR

Di

1  S
W
2 will decrease drag due to lift relative to zero-lift drag
2: AR predominately controls ratio of induced drag to
D0 eq2 C D , 0 AR zero lift drag, whereas span loading controls actual value
of induced drag
2
EXAMPLE: AIRBUS A380 / BOEING 747 COMPARISON

• Wingspan: 79.8 m • Wingspan: 68.5 m


• AR: 7.53 • AR: 7.98
• GTOW: 560 T • GTOW: 440 T
• Loading: GTOW/b2: 87.94 • Loading: GTOW/b2: 93.77
3
FINITE WING CHANGE IN LIFT SLOPE (≠ 2)
a  a eff  a i

• Lift curve for a finite wing has a smaller slope


than corresponding curve for an infinite wing
with same airfoil cross-section
• Figure (a) shows infinite wing, ai = 0, so plot is
CL vs. ageom or aeff and slope is a0

• Figure (b) shows finite wing, ai ≠ 0


– Plot CL vs. what we see, ageom, (or what
would be easy to measure in a wind
tunnel), not what wing sees, aeff

1. Effect of finite wing is to reduce lift curve slope


– Finite wing lift slope = a = dCL/da ≠ 2
2. At CL = 0, ai = 0, so aL=0 same for infinite or
finite wings
4
CALCULATING CHANGE IN LIFT SLOPE
• If we know a0 (infinite wing lift slope, say from data) how can we find finite wing
lift slope, a, for wing with given AR?
dC L
 a0 Lift slope definition for infinite wing
d a  a i 

C L  a0 a  a i   const Integrate

 C 
C L  a0  a  L   const
 eAR  Substitute definition of ai
a a  const
CL  0 Solve for CL
a
1 0
eAR

dC L
a
a0 Differentiate CL with respect to a
da 1
a0 to find lift slope for finite wing
eAR Note: Equation is in radians
5
EXAMPLE: FINITE WING COMPOSED OF NACA 23012 AIRFOIL
Consider a wing with AR=10 and NACA 23012 airfoil section, Re = 5 million, and
span efficiency factor, e = 0.9. The wing is at an angle of attack, a = 4º
Find CL and CD for finite wing

6
EXAMPLE: U2 VS. F-15
1
L  W   V SC L
C L2
C D  cd 
2

2 eAR

U2 F-15
• Cruise at 70,000 ft • Flies at high speed (and lower
– Air density highly reduced altitudes), so high q∞ → low
• Flies at slow speeds, low q∞ → angle of attack, low CL
high angle of attack, high CL
• AR ~ 3
• AR ~ 14.3

Which of airplane is more sensitive to atmospheric turbulence?


7

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