MAE 1202: AEROSPACE PRACTICUM

Lecture 2: Introduction to Basic Aerodynamics 1

January 14, 2013

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department

Florida Institute of Technology

D. R. Kirk

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 READING AND HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENTS

• Reading: Introduction to Flight, 7th Edition, by John D. Anderson, Jr.

– For this week’s lecture: Chapter 4, Sections 4.1 - 4.9
– For next week’s lecture: Chapter 4, Sections 4.10 - 4.21, 4.27

• Lecture-Based Homework Assignment:

– Problems: 4.1, 4.2, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.8, 4.11, 4.15, 4.16
• DUE: Friday, January 25, 2013 by 11am
• Turn in hard copy of homework
– Also be sure to review and be familiar with textbook examples in
Chapter 4

• Laboratory Week #2: MATLAB

• Laboratory Assignment #1: Due January 18, 2013
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 ANSWERS TO LECTURE HOMEWORK
• 4.1: V2 = 1.25 ft/s
• 4.2: p2-p1 = 22.7 lb/ft2
• 4.4: V1 = 67 ft/s (or 46 MPH)
• 4.5: V2 = 102.22 m/s
– Note: it takes a pressure difference of only 0.02 atm to produce such a high
velocity
• 4.6: V2 = 216.8 ft/s
• 4.8: Te = 155 K and re = 2.26 kg/m3
– Note: you can also verify using equation of state
• 4.11: Ae = 0.0061 ft2 (or 0.88 in2)
• 4.15: M∞ = 0.847
• 4.16: V∞ = 2,283 MPH

• Notes:
– Outline problem/strategy clearly – rewrite the question and discuss approach
– Include a brief comment on your answer, especially if different than above
– Write as neatly as you possibly can
– If you have any questions come to office hours or consult GSA’s
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REVIEW OF BASIC CONCEPTS

Review: Introduction to Flight by Anderson

Chapter 2: 2.1-2.7
Chapter 3: 3.1-3.5

Be sure that you are familiar with example problems

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 REVIEW OF BASIC DEFINITIONS (2.1-2.3)
• Streamline (2.1)
– Set of points that form a line that is everywhere tangent to local velocity vector
– No flow across streamlines
– For a steady flow, moving fluid element traces out a fixed path in space
• Stream tube
– A set of streamlines that intersect a closed loop in space

• Steady Flow: A flow that does not fluctuate with time (all flows in MAE 1202)
• Unsteady Flow: A flow that varies with time

• Equation of State for a Perfect Gas (2.3), applies at a point

– Ideal Gas Law: p = rRT or pv = RT (v = 1/r)
– R universal = 8,314 J/kg mole K
• R for air = 8,314 / 28.96 = 287 J/kg K (or 1,716 ft lb / slug R)

• If you do not remember these concepts review Section 2.1-2.3

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EXAMPLE: STREAMLINES AND STREAM TUBES
IN STEADY FLOW

Streamlines

Stagnation
Point
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HARRIER INSTANTANEOUS STREAMLINES

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WATER STREAMLINES ON F-16 MODEL

http://www.aerolab.com/water.html
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 TYPES OF FLOWS: FRICTION VS. NO-FRICTION
• Viscous: Flows with friction
– All real flows are viscous
– Inviscid flow is a useful idealization
– By neglecting friction analysis of flow is usually much easier!
• Inviscid: Flows with no friction

Flow very close to surface of airfoil is

Influenced by friction and is viscous
(boundary layer flow)

Stall (separation) is a viscous phenomena

Flow away from airfoil is not influenced

by friction and is wholly inviscid

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 LAMINAR VERSUS TURBULENT FLOW
• Two types of viscous flows
– Laminar: streamlines are smooth and regular and
a fluid element moves smoothly along a streamline
– Turbulent: streamlines break up and fluid
elements move in a random, irregular, and chaotic
fashion

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 FRCTION EXAMPLE: AIRFOIL STALL (4.20, 5.4)
• Key to understanding: Friction causes flow separation within boundary layer
1. Boundary layers are either laminar or turbulent
2. All laminar B.L. → turbulent B.L.
3. Turbulent B.L. ‘fuller or fatter’ than laminar B.L., more resistant to separation
• Separation creates another form of drag called pressure drag due to separation
– Dramatic loss of lift and increase in drag

We will examine these airfoils next lecture in detail

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AUTOMOTIVE EXAMPLES

http://exa.com/automotive.html

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 CYCLING AERODYNAMICS
• Bike and rider aerodynamics
• Peloton vs. single rider

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BOBSLED AERODYNAMICS

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 TYPES OF FLOWS:
COMPRESSIBLE VS. INCOMPRESSIBLE
• Compressible: Density of fluid elements may change from point to point
– All real flows are compressible
– Important for gases (rarely important for liquids)
– Most important at high speeds
• Incompressible: Density of fluid elements is always constant

• General Rule of Thumb:

– If flow speed is less than about 100 m/s (or less than 225 MPH) → flow
can be considered incompressible
or
– If flow is less than Mach 0.3, flow can be considered incompressible
• Mach number, M: ratio of local velocity to local speed of sound,
V/a

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DENSITY DISCONTINUITY: SHOCK WAVES
Photograph of a T-38 at Mach 1.1,
altitude 13,700 feet, taken at NASA
Wallops in 1993.

Schlieren photography (from

German word for "streaks") allows
visualization of density changes, and
therefore shock waves, in fluid flow

Schlieren techniques have been used

for decades in laboratory wind
tunnels to visualize supersonic flow
about model aircraft, but not full
scale aircraft until recently.

Dr. Leonard Weinstein of NASA

Langley Research Center developed
first Schlieren camera, which he calls
SAF (Schlieren for Aircraft in
Flight), that can photograph shock
waves of a full sized aircraft in
flight. He successfully took a picture
which clearly shows shock waves
about a T-38 aircraft on December
13, 1993 at Wallops Island, MD.

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 KEY TERMS: CAN YOU DEFINE THEM?
• Streamline
• Stream tube

• Steady flow
• Unsteady flow

• Viscid flow
• Inviscid flow

• Compressible flow
• Incompressible flow

• Laminar flow
• Turbulent flow

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 BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Introduction to Flight by Anderson

Chapter 4: 4.1-4.9

“This chapter is going to be a challenge to you. There are

lots of new concepts, ideas, and ways of looking at things.”

“Expect it to be different, and go at it with enthusiasm.”

Be sure that you are familiar with example problems

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 WHY STUDY AERODYNAMICS?
• Study of aerodynamics is important to determine forces and
moments (torques) acting on flying vehicles
– Forces and moments are caused as a result of interaction between
a body (airplane, rocket, etc.) and air surrounding it
– Interaction depends on flow conditions (fluid properties, relative
velocity, pressure, temperature, etc.) and body shape (geometry)

• GOALS:
– Develop foundation of theoretical development (mathematical)
– Gain insight into physical phenomena taking place

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 3 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
1. Mass is neither created nor destroyed (mass is conserved)
– Conservation of Mass
– Often also called: ‘Continuity’

2. Sum of Forces = Time Rate Change of Momentum (Newton’s 2nd Law)

– Often reduces to: Sum of Forces = Mass x Acceleration (F = ma)
– Momentum Equation
– Bernoulli’s Equation, Euler Equation, Navier-Stokes Equation

3. Energy neither created nor destroyed (energy is conserved)

– Can only change physical form
– Energy Equation (1st Law of Thermodynamics)

How do we express these statements mathematically?

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 SUMMARY OF GOVERNING EQUATIONS (4.8)
STEADY AND INVISCID FLOW
• Incompressible flow of fluid along a
streamline or in a stream tube of A1V1  A2V2 continuity
varying area
1 1
• Most important variables: p and V p1  rV1  p2  rV22
2

• T and r are constants throughout flow 2 2

Bernoulli

continuity r1 A1V1  r 2 A2V2

• Compressible, isentropic
 
p1  r1   T1   1
(adiabatic and frictionless)
flow along a streamline or in a isentropic      
stream tube of varying area p2  r 2   T2 
1 2 1 2
• T, p, r, and V are all variables energy c pT1  V1  c pT2  V2
2 2
equation of state p1  r1 RT1
at any point p2  r 2 RT2
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EXAMPLES OF WHAT WE WILL BE ABLE TO DO
Air Speed Supersonic Flow
Wind Tunnels

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 CONSERVATION OF MASS (4.1)
• Physical Principle: Mass can be neither created nor destroyed
Stream tube
Funnel wall
A2

A1

V1
V2

• As long as flow is steady, mass that flows through cross section at point 1
(at entrance) must be same as mass that flows through point 2 (at exit)
• Flow cannot enter or leave any other way (definition of a stream tube)
• Also applies to solid surfaces, pipe, funnel, wind tunnels, airplane engine
• “What goes in one side must come out the other side”
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 CONSERVATION OF MASS (4.1)
Stream tube
A1: cross-sectional area
of stream tube at 1

V1: flow velocity

Normal (perpendicular) to A1

• Consider all fluid elements in plane A1

• During time dt, elements have moved V1dt and swept out volume A1V1dt
• Mass of fluid swept through A1 during dt: dm=r1(A1V1dt)
dm  kg 
Mass Flow   m 1  r1 A1V1  
dt  s 
m 2  r 2 A2V2
m 1  m 2 24
 SIMPLE EXAMPLE
Given air flow through converging nozzle, what is exit area, A2?

p1=1.2x105 N/m2 p2=?

T1=330 K T2=?
V1=10 m/s V2=30 m/s
A1= 5m2 A2=?

IF flow speed < 100 m/s assume flow is incompressible (r1=r2)

m 1  m 2  r1 A1V1  r 2 A2V2
A1V1  A2V2
V1  10  5
A2  A1  5    1.67m 2
V2  30  3
Conservation of mass could also give velocity, V2, if A2 was known
Conservation of mass tells us nothing about p2, T2, etc. 25