Wind Energy

Maria Samantha E. Ruelos

 Wind energy (or wind power) refers to the process
of creating electricity using the wind, or air flows
that occur naturally in the earth’s atmosphere.

Modern wind turbines are used to capture kinetic

OVERVIEW energy from the wind to generate electricity.

Utility-scale wind
Three main types of wind Distributed or “small” wind
energy:
Offshore wind
SIGNIFICANCE
PROVIDES A CLEAN ENERGY RENEWABLE IS THE WAY
RENEWABLE SOURCE (DOESN’T EMIT OF THE FUTURE
OF ENERGY NOXIOUS GASES)
Energy Resource Consumption in the
Philippines (2016)
 BURGOS WIND FARM (Ilocos Norte)
Largest Wind  150 MW
Farm in The  50 wind turbines
Philippines  Largest wind farm not only in the country, but
in Southeast Asia
Largest Wind GANSU WIND FARM (Gansu Province, China)
Farm in The  Current capacity: 7,965 MW
World  Planned capacity: 20 GW
 • Heron of Alexandria created the first known wind-driven wheel
1st Centrury
AD
to power a machine

9th Century
• First practical windmills were in use in Iran
AD

• Horizontal axis windmills started being used to pump water or

12th Century
AD
grind grains in Northern Europe
HISTORY • First wind turbine used for electricity production was built in
July 1887 Scotland by James Blyth

• The Darrieus wind turbine (vertical axis) was invented by

1931 Frenchman George Darrieus

• World’s first windfarm was built in New Hampshire

1980
1) Wind
2) Nose
3) Blades
4) Low-speed shaft
5) Brakes
6) Gearbox
7) High-speed shaft
8) Generator
9) Anemometer
10) Controller
11) Wind vane
12) Yaw drive
13) Yaw motor
14) Turbine tower
15) Nacelle
Types of Wind
Turbine
Horizontal Axis
Wind Turbine Advantages: Disadvantages:
 Tall structure allows access to  Expensive to construct
stronger wind
 Loud and visible
 High efficiency as blades always
move perpendicular to wind  Requires yaw mechanism
Vertical Axis
Wind Turbine Advantages: Disadvantages:
 Omnidirectional  Much less efficient
 Cheaper manufacturing  Cannot acquire higher wind
speeds
 Quieter
 Creates more drag
 Easier maintenance
Principles of
Wind Power
 𝑉𝑖2
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑚𝐾𝐸
ሶ = 𝑚ሶ
2

Where 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

𝑚ሶ = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑉𝑖 = 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
Total Power
𝑚ሶ = 𝜌𝐴𝑉𝑖

𝜌𝐴𝑉𝑖3
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 =
2
 𝑉𝑖2 𝑉𝑎2
𝑃𝑖 + 𝜌 = 𝑃𝑎 + 𝜌
2 2

𝑉𝑒2 𝑉𝑏2
𝑃𝑒 + 𝜌 = 𝑃𝑏 + 𝜌
2 2

Extracted
Power
 2
𝑉𝑖 − 𝑉𝑒2
𝑃𝑎 − 𝑃𝑏 = 𝜌( )
2

𝑉𝑖2 −𝑉𝑒2
𝐹𝑥 = (𝑃𝑎 − 𝑃𝑏 )𝐴 = 𝜌𝐴( )
2
Extracted 𝐹𝑥 = ∆ 𝑚ሶ 𝑉𝑖 − 𝑉𝑒 = 𝜌𝐴𝑉𝑡 𝑉𝑖 − 𝑉𝑒
Power
1
𝑉𝑡 = (𝑉𝑖 + 𝑉𝑒 )
2
 2
𝑉𝑖 − 𝑉𝑒2
𝑊 = 𝐾𝐸𝑖 − 𝐾𝐸𝑜 =
2

𝜌𝐴𝑉𝑡 (𝑉𝑖2 − 𝑉𝑒2 )

𝑃𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝑚𝑊
ሶ =
Extracted 2
Power
1 2
𝑃𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝜌𝐴(𝑉𝑖 + 𝑉𝑒 )(𝑉𝑖 − 𝑉𝑒2 )
4
 𝑑𝑃𝑒𝑥𝑡
 To be able to get the optimum 𝑉𝑒 , =0
𝑑𝑉𝑒

3𝑉𝑒2 + 2𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑒 − 𝑉𝑖2 = 0

Optimum Exit 1
Velocity 𝑉𝑒,𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 𝑉𝑖
3

8 3
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌𝐴𝑉𝑖
27
 Ratio of extracted power to total power

Coefficient of 𝑃𝑒𝑥𝑡 (𝑉𝑖 + 𝑉𝑒 )(𝑉𝑖2

− 𝑉𝑒2 )
Performance 𝐶𝑃 = = 3
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 2𝑉𝑖
 The theoretical maximum efficiency of a
wind turbine
Conjectured by German physicist Albert
Betz in 1919
Betz Limit
8
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝜌𝐴𝑉𝑖3 16
𝐶𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 27 = = 0.593
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 1 3 27
𝜌𝐴𝑉𝑖
2
 𝜔𝑟
𝜆=
𝑉𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑
 𝑃𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝑃𝑒𝑥𝑡
𝑇= =
𝜔 𝜋𝐷𝑁

Where 𝜔 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙

Torque 𝐷 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 =

4𝐴
𝜋

𝑁 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑

2 𝜌𝐷𝑉𝑖3
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
27 𝑁
 2 2
𝑉𝑖 − 𝑉𝑒2 𝑉𝑖 − 𝑉𝑒2
𝐹𝑥 = 𝜌𝐴 = 𝜋𝜌𝐷 2
2 8
Axial Thrust
4 2 𝜋 2 2
𝐹𝑥,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌𝐴𝑉𝑖 = 𝜌𝐷 𝑉𝑖
9 9
 A 12.07 m/s wind at 1 atm and 21.11ºC
enters a turbine wheel that has a 92.9-
sq.m cross-sectional area. Calculate (a) the
power of the incoming wind, (b) the
Sample
theoretical maximum attainable turbine
Problem power, (c) a reasonably attainable turbine
power, (d) the torque and (e) the axial
thrust if the turbine wheel rotates at 0.5
rev/s.
 1
(a) 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝜌𝐴𝑉𝑖3 = (0.5)(1.226)(92.9)(12.07)3
2
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 100.14 𝑘𝑊

8 8
(b) 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌𝐴𝑉𝑖3 = 1.226 92.9 12.07 3
Sample 27 27

Problem 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 59.34 𝑘𝑊

(c) Assuming a 40% efficiency:

𝑃 = 0.4𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 0.4 100.14 = 40.06 𝑘𝑊
 (d) Since no Ve was given, assume optimal
conditions:

Sample 1.226
4 92.9
12.07 3
Problem 2 𝜌𝐷𝑉𝑖3 2 𝜋
𝑇= =
27 𝑁 27 0.5

𝑇 = 3,473.53 N
 (e) Since no Ve was given, assume optimal
conditions:
Sample 4 4
2
Problem 𝐹𝑥 = 𝜌𝐴𝑉𝑖 = 1.226 (92.9)(12.07)2
9 9

𝐹𝑥 = 7,374.59 N
Recent
Improvements
  Engr. Atsushi Shimizu founded green tech firm
Challenergy and won funding to invent a wind
turbine that is “unbreakable by typhoon”
 In July 2015, they achieved 30% efficiency
Typhoon-  In January 2019, Challenergy set up a joint
powered Wind venture with Natures Renewable Energy
Turbine (2014) Development Corp. (NAREDCO) to be able to
obtain a license to build a wind farm in the
Philippines
 They hope to deliver its first typhoon-proof
turbine in the Philippines by the end of this year
Typhoon-
powered Wind
Turbine (2014)
  Basics of Wind Energy. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.awea.org/wind-101/basics-of-wind-energy.
 Betz limit. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Betz_limit.
 How a Wind Turbine Works - Diagram & Guide. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.turbinegenerator.org/wind/how-wind-turbine-works/.
 Ogura, J., & Marsh, J. (2016, November 9). Typhoon turbine could
power Japan for 50 years. Retrieved from
References https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/typhoon-catchers-japan-
challenergy/index.html.
 Sakamoto, K., & Venzon, C. (2019, May 28). Typhoon-proof wind
turbines to help Philippines keep lights on. Retrieved from
https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Startups/Typhoon-proof-wind-
turbines-to-help-Philippines-keep-lights-on.
 Timeline: The history of wind power. (2008, October 17). Retrieved
from https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/oct/17/wind-
power-renewable-energy.