What is The Roof? ? ?

roof is the covering on the uppermost

part of a building. A roof protects the
building and its contents from the
effects of weather.

Structures that require roofsrange from

a letter box to a cathedral or stadium,
dwellings being the mostnumerous.

In most countries a roof protects

primarily against rain. Depending upon
the nature of the building, the roof may
also protect against heat, against
sunlight, against cold and againstwind.
o
o
Roofing Terminology
fJoist
wIn a flat roof, a
hhorizontal structural
omember over which
ssheathing is nailed.
e
s
u
pGable
pThe triangular upper part of a wall closing
othe end of a ridged roof.
r
tFlashing
iSheet metal or other material used at junctions of different planes on a roof to prevent
leakage.
n
gRafter
wA structural member (usually slanted) to which sheathing isnailed.
a
lRidge
lThe horizontal line at the top edge of two sloping roof planes.
sValley
a
The less-than 180-degree angle where two sloping roof sections come together
d
Roofing
Terminology

Fascia
T
r
Underlayment
i material (usually roofing felt) laid
The
m top of sheathing before shingles are
on
Drip
applied.
b
The strip of metal extending out
o
beyond the eaves or rakes to prevent
a
rainwater from rolling around the
rshingles back onto the wooden
Shingle Flashing
d
portion
Flashingof theishouse.
that laid in strips under each
b
shingle and bent up the edge of a chimney
e
or wall
Soffit
h
The boards that enclose the underside of
ithat portion of the roof which extends out
n
beyond the sidewalls of the house.
 Brief History of Roofing
•The
histo
ry of
roofi
ng
has
com
e an
extre •Although most of the growth within the roofing
mely industry has been within the last 200 years, the
long complete history ofroofing starts much earlier than
way. that.
Man
•The Greeks and Romans were the first to
has
experiment with differing roofing styles. TheRomans
utiliz introduced slating and tiling to Great Britain as early
ed as 100 BC.
vario
us •Thatch roofs were introduced and implemented
natu around the year 735 AD and it wouldn’t be for
ral
The roof of Pantheon doom damp clay and earth on the another 300 years until wooden shingles werefirst
reso
roof of Greek temple implemented as well.
urce
until
the
12th
century
that the
history
of
roofing
was
While the history of roofing began
change
to evolve In the southern parts of
d under
the United States, wood and
King
metal were more widely used.
John,
when Even to this day, roofing styles are
he still based around wood and metal,
issued a It is hard to predict the future of
law in the roofing industry and what
London technology can shape for the
that future, but for certain, the history of
citizens roofing has evolved and will
had to continue to evolve forever.
Roof Types
• Flat
• Shed
• Gable
• Hip
• Dutch Hip
• Gambrel
• Mansard
• Butterfly
• Dome
Flat
A flat roof is not truly flat but
angled slightly to allow for water
runoff. It is the cheapest to build
initially but will cost you much
more than other roof types in
maintenance costs.
Shed
A shed roof is basically a flat
roof with a slightly greater angle
allowing for greater runoff. They
are relatively easy to build and
inexpensive as compared to most
other roof types. They are usually
used on home extension rooms
and porches
Gable
A gable roof
consists of two
shed roof
structures joined
at the peak
forming a ridge
line.

Gable Dormers
Dormers are room construction
extensions from the roof structure.
They usually have windows or
doors on the front wall structure.
Dormers are often used in 1 ½
story construction to provide light
and ventilation to the upper story.
Hip
A hip roof is a gable roof with
angled ends taking the place of the
gable end of the structure.
 Dutch Hip
A Dutch roof design is a hip roof
with small gable ends at the ridge
allowing for attic ventilation
Gambrel
Gambrel roof design is similar to
gable construction With two angles
on each side. Steep lower surfaces
and shallow angle top surfaces allow
greater floor space in 1 ½ story
construction
Mansard
Mansard roof construction
consists of a compound hip
roof design with a lower and
upper hip format.
 Butterfly
The butterfly roof is an inverted
gable roof design creating a central
valley for runoff. The design is visually
stunning but impractical for water
tightness.
 Geodesic Dome

Geodesic roof construction Dome construction is one of the most

consists of triangular framing difficult to build but is often the most
placed together to form a dome. interesting visually
These structures have surprising
strength and visual interest.
Types of roof structure
Flat roof

Pitch roof

Space frame

Roof shell

Folded plate

Tensile structure
1. Flat roof
A roof is designated as flat if its
slope is less than ten degrees. Slope
less than 3:12 or 25 percent

Flat roofs have traditionally been

used in hot climates where water
accumulation is not a problem.

Structural decks ordinary used

Wood panels over wood joist
Solid wood decking over heavy
timber framing
Corrugated steel decking
Sitecast concrete slab
Precast concrete slab
Panels of wood fibre bonded
together with portland cement
etc
ELEMENTS OF FLATROOF
concrete
Lines indented for expansion
caused by heat and easy to flatten
the roof in a uniform manner to
prevent any pool of water after
rain.

parapet

Concrete
Steel decking
gutter
 Water pool formed due to
poor workmanship

PROBLEMS OF LEAKING
ON FLAT ROOF
Weatherproofing the flat roof
The flat roof relied on some kind of membrane for keeping
moisture out. In dry climates this is done with clay tiles, but in
Canada asphalt, or rubber is necessary.

Waterproof layer and insulation

Finishes
Cement screed

CONCRETE, TIMBER OR STEEL STRUCTURE

Flat roofs are never actually flat, a subtle slope directs

standing moisture to drains at edges, or inside.
Advantages Disadvantages of Flat roof
Design:
Advantages:
No space lost below roof, i.e. no dead space
Less material is used than in a sloped roof
The rooftop is potentially useful as a terrace, or sleeping porch
Potentially pleasing appearance
Easier to build than a sloped roof

Disadvantages:
Roof elements can not overlap, hence waterproofing must be
more complex, and more thorough
Drainage is not automatic
Support of snow load must be insured
Pitched Roof
pitched roof is a roof structure where
the roof leans to one side of the house.
It is also known as lean-to roof.
The rafters are connected to the
highest wall and then it is inclined to a
lower wall, which then forms the
pitched roof.
The rafters are often connected into
the wall individually or even supported
on a wall plate bedded within the wall.
This type of roof can have no joist at all
or have a tie or have a joist with
a strut to give more strength.
Pitched Roof Types A mono-pitched roof structure

A pitched roof

columns

A lean-to roof structure

wall
walls
column
flashing
The Components

wall

column

flashing

SUNSHADING

openings
Roof Framing Plan
Terminology
Roof Terms

PITCHED ROOF

Waterproofing
Finishes: layer and
Clay tiles or insulation
Cement tiles Timber batten
Metal decking

Ceiling
Calculating Pitch

Roof with a pitch of 3:12 (25 percent) or greater called Steep

roof
PITCHED ROOF: TIMBER - truss
STEEL - truss

Truss fabricated from factory

steel
Truss built as from
individual members

Whole roof structure built from

steel

Gang nails

Truss fabricated from factory

Placement of roof clay tiles as seen from below

rivetted
ROOF FINISHES
PATTERNED CLAY ROOF
TILES

CLAY ROOF TILES

ATTAP
 ASBESTOS

PATTERNED STEEL
DECKING 2

PATTERNED STEEL
DECKING 1
3. Space frame

A space frame or space structure is a truss-like, lightweight rigid structure

constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames usually
utilize a multidirectional span, and are often used to accomplish long spans with
few supports. They derive their strength from the inherent rigidity of the triangular
frame; flexing loads (bending moments) are transmitted as tension and
compression loads along the length of each strut.
4.Dome
A dome is a structural element
of architecture that resembles the hollow
upper half of a sphere. Dome structures
made of various materials have a long
architectural lineage extending into
prehistory.
4. ROOF SHELL
A thin shell is defined as a shell with a
thickness which is small compared to its other
dimensions and in which deformations are not
large compared to thickness. A primary
difference between a shell structure and a plate
structure is that, in the unstressed state, the
shell structure has curvature as opposed to
plates structures which are flat
5. FOLDED PLATE ROOF

Its an roof which has been

moulded to an shape. which is in
rcc, steel etc.its for large covering
for open spaces
6. Tensile structure

A tensile structure is a construction of elements carrying

only tension and no compression or bending. The term tensile should
not be confused with tensegrity, which is a structural form with both
tension and compression elements.
The CribPost System
The CribPost System is best described as a series of
temporary hydraulic shoring posts that can be
continuously extended with the intent to lift a roof to a
higher elevation.
Main Features
 CribPosts can be extended to any desired elevation.

 CribPosts can be clustered to obtain higher lifting

capacities.

 The roof is monitored by laser instruments to

maintain close tolerances.

 Lateral stability is maintained and adjusted through

ROOFLIFTERS’ unique guying system.

 The entire roof can be lifted in a single section using

ROOFLIFTERS’ multi-point synchronization system.

39
Green Roofs Look
Something
Like This
 What Are Green Roofs?
A green roof is a roof of
a building that is partially or
completely covered with
vegetation and soil, or a growing
medium, planted over a
waterproofing membrane.
It may also include additional
layers such as a root barrier and
drainage and irrigation systems.
also known as vegetated roof
covers, eco-roofs or nature roofs.
water quality by filtering,
absorbing or detaining
rainfall. Green Roofs Are Great
for These Things ,great for the
environment.
On the green of the Mountain Equipment Co-
op store in Toronto, Canada
Green Roof Types

Green Roofs

Rooftop Roof
Rooftop Garden
Garden System
Edge Restraint
Anchor Components
Rooftop Garden Edge
Restraint
A rooftop garden edge restraint that supports green roof
media while allowing water to drain cleanly under paver
systems on pedestal / tabs where no internal drains are
present and allows water to scupper while holding back
media / aggregate while serving as an independent
border.
Roof Top Garden Anchor

Rooftop anchors provide an efficient and economical way to

secure blanket components. While conventional ties require
the patience and manual dexterity of laborers, the innovation
of the GRS Rooftop Anchor greatly improves effectiveness
when installing rooftop mats.
Roof System Components
Filter fabric, moisture retention mats, root barriers, drainage
components, inspection chambers, separation fabric,
media, wind erosion blankets, plants, and bio-trays. Green
Roof Solutions has all of your rooftop garden and green
roof systems components.
Green Roof Case Study
Negotiated with the building owner to
retrofit section of roof.
Roof needed to be replaced.

Environmental benefits – stormwater

mitigation, building insulation, urban
heat island mitigation, and aesthetic
improvement.

Conducted structural engineering

analysis to make sure building structure
could hold weight of saturated soil.
The existing ballasted roof (stone) was
about the same weight as the green
roof.
Planted with six types of sedum.
1. Insulation Layer

Reused
styrofoam
insulation
that was on
roof.
2.Water Barrier
Water Barrier is most
important part of the roof,
and is installed the same
way as for a standard roof.
No Leaks!

3.Waterproof Testing
After waterproofing
store 2 inches of water on
the roof for 48 hours to
test barrier.
4. Root Barrier
Root barrier is thick plastic,
and prevents roots from
penetrating the waterproof
layer.

5. Water Retention
Root barrier sealing and
water retention layer. Water
retention layer stores water in
small “cups” for use by plants
after rain event.
6. Soil Placement

Install filter fabric

beneath soil, so not to
clog water retention
layer. Specially
engineered, highly
inorganic soil (very
little humus) with high
water absorption
capacity.
7. Soil Layer 8. Wind barrier

Cover soil with photo-degradable wind

barrier to prevent wind erosion.
Spread soil to consist
depth – 3 inches.
9.Planting the Roof

Plant through the

wind barrier with
sedums, low-lying,
hardy, water-
retaining plants that
thrive in harsh
environments.

Select several
varieties based on
blooming, color, etc.
Planting Complete
October 2003

One year after planting

September 2004

Green Roof
May 2005