Flow Measurement

Basics of Flow and Metering
DMC / Flow Measurement.ppt 1 October, 03

Overview of Flow Metering
 Why need to Meter Flow
 Over 4000 years ago,
Romans measured water
flow to household to control
allocation.
• Early Chinese measured
salt water flow to brine pots
used to produce salt used as
seasoning.
• Early practice in U.S. was to
charge for gas on a per-light
basis.
• The reason is fluid measurement - know how much fluid has flowed .
• This leads to the purpose of determining billings for total flow.

 Type of fluids
 Gas
 Natural Gas, Produced Gas
 Air
 Industrial Gas (eg. Nitrogen, Oxygen, CO2, etc.)
 Produced Gas
 Liquid
 Crude Oil, Condensate
 Refined Hydrocarbons
 LPG
 Water
 Aromatics, Olefins, Chemicals
 Steam

 Custody and Non-Custody Transfer
– Custody Transfer
Q = $
For custody transfer, flow
measurement equals dollars
– Measurement Contract Requirement on Custody Transfer

• Quantity of Material
• Point of Delivery
• Material Properties
• Measurement Station Design
• Measurements
• Material Quality
• Billing
• Summary of Contract Requirements

– Other Factors in Custody Transfer
• Accuracy
• Uncertainty
• Maintenance of Meter Equipment
• Proving Meters, if required
• Operation Considerations
• Custody Transfer Auditing
– Non-Custody Transfer Measurement
• Control Signal
• Check Metering
• Allocation
• Process Measurement

Measurement Standards
 Development of Flow Measurement Standards
• In 1797 Giovanni Venturi performed the first work using orifices in
fluid flow measurement.
• 1890 Professor Robinson of Ohio State University designed the first
orifice meter
• Between 1924 and 1935 research & experimental work was
conducted by the American Gas Association (AGA) / American
Society of Mechanical Engineers(ASME)
• AGA & ASME Developed Orifice Meter Coefficients & Standards
• In late 80’s, API developed Measurement Manual, specifically to
Petroleum products.
• Other organizations involved in writing standards :-
• Gas Processors Association (GPA), Instrument Society of America (ISA),
American National Standards (ANSI), American Society of Testing
Materials (ASTM), Institute of Petroleum (IP), British Standards Institute
(BSI), International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and
International Organization for Legal Metrology (OIML).

 AGA (American Gas Association)
– AGA Report No. 3 /API MPMS Ch. 14.3/GPA 8185/ANSI 2530
• Natural Gas Measurement using Concentric, Square-Edged Orifice Meters
– AGA Report No. 5
• Fuel Gas Energy Metering
• Measurement of Gas Turbine Meters
– AGA Report No. 8/API MPMS Ch. 14.2
• Compressibility Factors of Natural Gas and Other Related Hydrocarbon Gases
• Measurement of Gas by Multipath Ultrasonic Meters
• Speed of Sound in Natural Gas and Other Related Hydrocarbon Gases
• Coriolis Flow Measurement for Natural Gas Applications

 API MPMS(American Petroleum Institute Manual of Petroleum
Measurement)
– API Ch. 4 (4.1 to 4.8) - Proving Systems
• Ch. 4.1 - Introduction
• Ch. 4.2 - Pipe Provers
• Ch. 4.3 - Small Volume Provers
• Ch. 4.4 - Tank Provers
• Ch. 4.5 - Master Meter
• Ch. 4.6 - Pulse Interpolation
• Ch. 4.7 - Field-Standard Test Measures
• Ch. 4.8 - Operation of Proving Systems
– API Ch. 5 (5.1 ot 5.6) - Metering
• Ch. 5.1 - General Consideration for Measurement by Meters
• Ch. 5.2 - Measurement of Liquid Hydrocarbons by Displacement Meters
• Ch. 5.3 - Measurement of Liquid Hydrocarbons by Turbine Meters
• Ch. 5.4 - Accessory Equipment for Liquid Meters
• Ch. 5.5 - Fidelity and Security of Flow Measurement Pulsed-data Transmission
Systems
• Ch. 5.6 - Measurement of Liquid Hydrocarbons by Coriolis Meters

– API Ch. 6 (6.1 to 6.7) - Metering Assemblies
• Ch. 6.1 - Lease Automatic Custody Transfer (LACT) Systems
• Ch. 6.2 - Loading Rack and Tank Truck Metering Systems for Non-LPG Products
• Ch. 6.4 - Metering Systems for Aviation Fueling Facilities
• Ch. 6.5 - Metering Systems for Loading and Unloading Marine Bulk Carriers
• Ch. 6.6 - Pipeline Metering Systems
• Ch. 6.7 - Metering Viscous Hydrocarbons
– API Ch. 8 (8.1 to 8.4)
• Sampling
• Ch. 8.1 - Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
• Ch. 8.2 - Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
• Ch. 8.3 - Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samples of Petroleum and Petroleum
Products
• Ch. 8.4 - Manual Sampling and Handling of Fuels for Volatility Measurement

– API Ch. 11 (11.1 to 11.3.3.2)
• Physical Properties Data (Volume Correction Factors)
• Ch. 11.1 - Volume Correction Factor - VCF Software
• Ch. 11.1 Volume I
– Table 5A (Generalized Crude Oils and JP-4, Correction of Observed API Gravity to API
Gravity at 60DegF)
– Table 6A (Generalized Crude Oils and JP-4, Correction of Volume to API Gravity at
60DegF)
• Ch. 11.1 Volume II
– Table 5B (Generalized Products, Correction of Observed API Gravity to API Gravity at
60DegF)
– Table 6B (Generalized Products, Correction of Volume to API Gravity at 60DegF)
• Ch. 11.1 Volume III
– Table 6C Volume Correction Factors for Individual and Special Applications, Volume
Correction to 60DegF Against Thermal Expansion Coefficients at 60DegF)
• Ch. 11.1 Addendum to Volume III
Correction for MTBE to 60DegF
• Ch. 11.1 Volume IV
– Table 23A (Generalized Crude Oils, Correction of Observed Relative Density to Relative
Density at 60/60DegF)
– Table 24A (Generalized Crude Oils, Correction of Volume to 60DegF Against 60/60DegF)

– API Ch. 11 (11.1 to 11.3.3.2)
• Ch. 11.1 Volume V
– Table 23B (Generalized Products, Correction of Observed Relative Density to Relative
– Table 24B (Generalized Products, Correction of Volume to 60DegF Against Relative
• Ch. 11.1 Volume VI
– Table 24C (Volume Correction Factors for Individual and Special Applications, Volume
Correction to 60DegF Against Thermal Expansion Coefficients at 60DegF)
• Ch. 11.1 Volume VII
– Table 53A (Generalized Crude Oils, Correction of Observed Density to Density at 15DegC)
– Table 54A (Generalized Crude Oils, Correction of Volume to 15DegC Against Density at
15DegC)
• Ch. 11.1 Volume VIII
– Table 53B (Generalized Products, Correction of Observed Density to Density at 15DegC)
– Table 54B (Generalized Products, Correction of Volume to 15DegC Against Density at
15DegC)
• Ch. 11.1 Volume IX
– Table 54C (Volume Correction Factors for Individual and Special Applications, Volume
Correction to 15DegC Against Thermal Expansion Coefficients at 15DegC)
• Ch. 11.1 Addendum to Volume IX
Correction for MTBE to 15DegC

– API Ch. 11 (11.1 to 11.3.3.2)
• Ch. 11.1 Volume XIII
– Table 5D (Generalized Lubricating Oils, Correction of Observed API Gravity to API Gravity
at 60DegF)
– Table 6D (Generalized Lubricating Oils, Correction of Volume to API Gravity at 60DegF)
• Ch. 11.1 Volume XIV
– Table 53D (Generalized Lubricating Oils, Correction of Observed Density to Density at
15DegC)
– Table 54D (Generalized Lubricating Oils, Correction of Volume to 15DegC Against Density
at 15DegC)
• API/ASTM/GPA Technical Publication TP-25
– Temperature Correction for the Volume of Light Hydrocarbons (NGLs/LPGs), Relative
Densities (60/60DegF) 0.350 to 0.688
– Table 23E (Correction of Observed Relative Density to Relative Density at 60/60DegF)
– Table 24E (Correction of Volume to 60DegF Against Relative Density at 60/60DegF)
• Ch. 11.2.1
– Compressibility Factors for Hydrocarbons: 0-90Deg API Gravity Range
• Ch. 11.2.1M
– Compressibility Factors for Hydrocarbons: 638-1074 Kilograms per Cubic Meter Range
• Ch. 11.2.2
– Compressibility Factors for Hydrocarbons: 0.350-0.637 Relative Density (60/60DegF) and -
50DegF to 140DegF Metering Temperature (GPA 8286)

– API Ch. 11 (11.1 to 11.3.3.2)
• Ch. 11.2.2
– Addendum to Correlation of Vapor Pressure Correction for NGLs
• Ch. 11.2.2M
– Compressibility Factors for Hydrocarbons: 0.350-0.637 Kilograms per Cubic Meter Density
(15DegC) and -46DegC to 60DegC Metering Temperature
• Ch. 11.2.3
– Water Calibration of Volumetric Provers
• Ch. 11.2.3M
– Water Calibration of Volumetric Provers
• Ch. 11.3.2.1
– Ethylene Density
• Ch. 11.3.3.2
– Propylene Compressibility

Measurement)
– API Ch. 12 (12.1.1 to 12.3)
• Calculation of Petroleum Quantities
• Ch. 12.1.1 (Calculation of Petroleum Quantities, Section 1-Calculation of Static
Petroleum Quantities, Part 1-Uptight Cylinderical Tanks and Marine Vessels)
• Ch. 12.2 (Calculation of Liquid Petroleum Quantities Measured by Turbine or
Displacement Meters)
– Calculation of Petroleum Quantities Using Dynamic Measurement Methods and Volume
Correction Factors - Part 1 - Introduction
Correction Factors - Part 2 - Measurement Tickets
Correction Factors - Part 3 - Proving Reports
Correction Factors - Part 4 - Calculation of Base Prover Volumes by Waterdraw Method
Correction Factors - Part 5 - Calculation of Base Prover Volume by Master Meter Method
• Ch. 12.3 (Calculation of Volumetric Shrinkage From Blending Light Hydrocarbons
with Crude Oil)

Measurement)
– API Ch. 13 (13.1 to 13.2)
• Statistical Aspects of Measuring and Sampling
• Ch. 13.1 (Statistical Concepts and Procedures in Measurement)
• Ch. 13.2 (Statistical Methods of Evaluating Meter Proving Data)
– API Ch. 14 (14.1 to 14.8)
• Natural Gas Fluids Measurement
• Ch. 14.1 (Collecting and Handling of Natural Gas Samples for Custody Transfer)
• Ch. 14.2 (Compressibility Factors of Natural Gas and Other Related Hydrocarbon
Gases)
• Ch. 14.3
– Part 1 - General Equations and Uncertainty Guidelines
– Part 2 - Specification and Installation Requirements
– Part 3 - Natural Gas Applications
– Part 4 - Background, Developments and Implementation Procedure and
Subroutine Documentation for Empirical Flange-Tapped Discharge
Coefficient Equation
• Ch. 14.4 (Converting Mass of Natural Gas Liquids and Vapors to Equivalent
Liquid Volumes)

Measurement)
– API Ch. 14 (14.1 to 14.8)
• Ch. 14.5 (Calculation of Gross Heating Value, Specific Gravity, and
Compressibility of Natural Gas Mixtures from Compositional Analysis)
• Ch. 14.6 (Continuous Density Measurement)
• Ch. 14.7 (Mass Measurement of Natural Gas Liquids)
• Ch. 14.8 (Liquidified Petroleum Gas Measurement)
– API Ch. 20 (20.1)
• Allocation Measurement of Oil and Natural Gas
• Ch. 20.1 (Allocation Measurement)
– API Ch. 21 (21.1 to 21.2)
• Flow Measurement Using Electronic Metering Systems
• Ch. 21.1 (Electronic Gas Measurement)
• Ch. 21.2 (Flow Measurement - Electronic Liquid Measurement)

– API Ch. 14 (14.1 to 14.8)

– API Ch. 20.1
• Allocation Measurement of Oil and Natural Gas
– API Ch. 21 (21.1 to 21.2)
• Flow Measurement Using Electronic Metering Systems

 ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers)
– MFC-2M-1983
• Measurement Uncertainty for Fluid Flow in Closed Conduits
– MFC-3M-1989
• Measurement of Fluid Flow In pipes using orifice, nozzle & venturi not an ANSI
standard
– MFC-4M-1986
• Measurement of Gas Flow by Turbine Meters
– MFC-10M-2000-2001
• Method for Establishing Installation Effects on Flow Meters
– MFC-11M-2003
• Measurement of Fluid Flow by Means of Coriolis Mass Flow Meters
– MFC-14M-2003
• Measurement of Fluid Flow Using Small Bore Precision Orifice Meters

 ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
– ISO 3171:1988(E)
• Petroleum Liquids - Automatic Pipeline Sampling
– ISO 2715:1981
• Liquid hydrocarbons -- Volumetric measurement by turbine meter systems
– ISO 5167:2003 ~ AGA 3
• Measurement of fluid flow by means of pressure differential devices inserted in
circular cross-section conduits running full
– ISO/TR 5168:1998
• Measurement of fluid flow -- Evaluation of uncertainties
– ISO 6551:1982
• Petroleum liquids and gases -- Fidelity and security of dynamic measurement --
Cabled transmission of electric and/or electronic pulsed data
– ISO 6976:1995/Cor 3:1999 ~ AGA 5
• Natural gas -- Calculation of calorific values, density, relative density and Wobbe
index from composition
– ISO 10715:1997
• Natural Gas -- Sampling Guidelines
– ISO 12213-1:1997
• Natural gas -- Calculation of compression factor -- Part 1: Introduction and
guidelines
– ISO 12213-2:1997
• Natural gas -- Calculation of compression factor -- Part 2: Calculation using
molar-composition analysis
– ISO 12213-3:1997
• Natural gas -- Calculation of compression factor -- Part 3: Calculation using
physical properties
– ISO/TR 12765:1998 (Not Found in Latest ISO catalog list)
• Measurement of fluid flow in Closed Conduits - Methods using transit time
ultrasonic flowmeters
– ISO/TR 12767:1998
• Measurement of fluid flow by means of pressure-differential devices -- Guidelines
to the effect of departure from the specifications and operating conditions given
in ISO 5167-1

 GPA (Gas Processors Association)
– GPA 2145-03
• Physical Constants for Hydrocarbons & Other Compounds of Interest to the
Natural Gas Industry
– GPA 2166-86
• Obtaining Natural Gas Samples
– GPA 2172-96
• Calculation of Gross Heating Value, Compressibility, and Relative Density
– GPA 2174-93
• Obtaining Liquid Hydrocarbon Samples
– GPA 2177-03
• Analysis of Natural Gas Liquid Mixtures Containing Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide
by Gas Chromatography
– GPA 2261
• Analysis for Natural Gas & Similar Gaseous Mixtures by Gas Chromatography
– GPA 2265-68
• Determination of Hydrogen Sulfide and Mercaptan in Natural Gas
– GPA 2286-95
• Tentative Method of Extended Analysis of Natural
DMC / Flow Measurement.ppt 21 Gas
October, 03
Metering Applications

Metering Applications LNG MARINE
LOADING AND
PROVING
LNG
LNG PLANTS Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) TANKER
Liquefied Natural Gas LOADING
PLATFORMS / (LNG)
SATELLITES
GAS Natural Gas Liquids
PRODUCED (NGL)
PROCESSING Natural Gas Liquid
GAS/CONDENSATE
(NGL)
MEASUREMENT GAS PIPELINE
FLOATING
Gas TRANSMISSISON
PRODUCTION,
Gas METERING SYSTEMS
STORAGE & Gas
Gas (SALES GAS)
OFFLOADING
(FPSO) GAS
GAS PIPELINES Gas
Gas DISTRIBUTION
Gas UNDERGROUND
Gas STORGAGE
FLOATING
PIPELIINE METERING
STORAGE & LIQUID PIPELINES
AND LEAK DETECTION
COMPRESSION
OFFLOADING TRUCK & RAIL
METERING SYSTEMS
(FSO) TERMINALS
WELL TESTING Oil &
Oil/Gas Gas Oil
Gas Gas Oil
SYSTEMS Oil
Oil
Oil MOVEMENT
GATHERING Oil REFINING
& STORAGE
MARINE
ONSHORE TERMINALS
PRODUCTION Oil
Oil
TRUCK LOADING
METERING AND
CRUDE OIL OIL STORAGE / OIL MEASUREMENT TERMINAL
Oil
Oil
MEASUREMENT PROCESSING TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
AUTOMATION
INTEGRATED
METERING
SYSTEMS AND
CONTROL SYSTEM
FOR STORAGE
DMC / Flow Measurement.ppt 23
TERMINALS
October, 03
 Types of Meters
– Head Meters
• Orifice
• Flow Nozzles
• Venturi
– Linear Meters
• Turbine Meter
• PD Meter
• Vortex Meter
• Ultrasonic Meter
• Coriolis Meter

 Orifice Measurement
– Construction and installation of orifice meter are extremely important
– Reynolds Numbers and Beta Ratios are keys to accuracy limits of these
plates.
• Beta ratio of roughly 0.1 to 0.75
• Reynolds no. below 1,000,000 - uncertainty of 0.5% increases. Once below 4000 -
practical measurement is no longer possible.
– Standards covered for orifice :-
• AGA -3/API MPMS 14.3/GPA 8185
– Part 1 - General Equations and Uncertainty Guidelines (1990)
– Part 2 - Specification and Installation Requirements (2000)
– Part 3 - Natural Gas Applications (1992)
– Part 4 - Background, Developments and Implementation Procedure and
Subroutine Documentation for Empirical Flange-Tapped Discharge
Coefficient Equation (1999)
• ISO 5167 - Measurement of fluid flow by means of pressure differential devices
inserted in circular cross-section conduits running full
– ISO 5167-1:2003 - Part 1 - General Principles and Requirements
– ISO 5167-2:2003 - Part 2 - Orifice Plates
– ISO 5167-3:2003 - Part 3 - Nozzles and Venturi Nozzles
– ISO 5167-4:2003 - Part 4 - Venturi tubes

 Orifice Measurement
– ASME-MFC-3M is similar to previous version of ISO 5167
– Basic orifice mass flow equation is as follows :-
• qm = Cd * Ev * Y * ( /4) * d2 * ( 2 * gc * f * P)0.5
– Advantage of orifice meter
• Well-documented in standards
• Enjoys wide acceptance; personnel knowledge across the industry about
requirements for use and maintenance
• Relatively low cost to purchase and install
• No moving parts in the flow stream
• When built to standards requirements, does not require calibration beyond
confirming mechanical tolerances when purchased and periodically in use
– Disadvantages of orifice meter
• Low rangeability with a single readout
• Relatively high pressure loss for a given flow rate, particularly at lower beta
ratios
• More sensitive to flow disturbances at higher beta ratios than some meters
• Flow pattern in the meter does not make meter self-cleaning

 Turbine Measurement
– Similarly to orifice, widely used in both gas and liquid measurement
– Installation of gas turbine meter must be in accordance to AGA-7, 1996, or
ISO 9951:1993(E). The equation is found in both standards :-
• qb = qf * Mf * (Pf/Pb) * (Tb/Tf) * (Zb/Zf)
– For installation of liquid turbine meter, it is covered under API MPMS Ch.
5.3 - Measurement of Liquid Hydrocarbons by Turbine Meters.
– Use of Pulse Security, eg. Level A or B, API MPMS Ch. 5.5 - Fidelity and
Security of Flow Measurement Pulsed-data Transmission Systems
– The calculation is defined in Ch. 12.2 - Calculation of Liquid Petroleum
Quantities Measured by Turbine or Displacement Meters. The general
equation :-
• qgross std = qgross * Mcf * CTL * CPL
• CTL is the Volume Correction Factors as described in API MPMS Ch. 11.1 (also
known as ANSI/ASTM D 1250, IP 200, or API Std 2540). The various table covers
5A/5B/5D, 6A/6B/6C/5D, 23A/23B/23E, 24A/24B/24C/24E, 53A/53B/53D, and
54A/54B/54C/54D.
• CPL is the compressibility factors for hydrocarbons described in API MPMS Ch.
11.2.1/11.2.1M or 11.2.2/11.2.2M

 Turbine Measurement
– Advantages of turbine meter
• Good accuracy over full linear range of meter (accuracy is percent of flow rate,
and not percent of full scale)
• Electronic output available directly at high resolution rate that makes proving
possible in a short period of time
• Meter cost is medium, but total meter station is low-to-medium cost because of
high flow rate for given line size
• Has pressure and temperature limits, but can handle normal flow conditions very
well
• Excellent rangeability on gas meters at high pressure
– Disadvantages of turbine meter
• Require throughput proving to establish most accurate use
• Viscosity effects liquid meters that may require separate proof curves for
different viscosities
• Rangeability at low pressures about the same as other gas meters
• Require upstream flow pattern to be non-swirling, which necessitates
straightening vanes or very long inlet pipe.

 Ultrasonic Measurement
– Daniel have only ultrasonic meter for gas measurement

– Liquid measurement is available, but yet to be acceptable in the standards
– Installation of gas ultrasonic meter must be in accordance to AGA-9, 1998,
or ISO/TR 12765. Another accepted standards is BS 7965. The equation for
transit time is :-
• V = (L2 / (2 * X))* ((t1 - t2) / (t1 * t2))

• qf = V * ( * D2) / 4
• qb = qf * Mf * (Pf/Pb) * (Tb/Tf) * (Zb/Zf)

 Ultrasonic Measurement
– Advantages of ultrasonic meter
• No pressure drop, since meters are same diameter as adjacent piping
• High frequency pulse rate of output minimizes errors from effects of pulsation
and fluctuating flow
• Installation can be simple and inexpensive
• High rangeability
• No moving parts in contact with flowing fluid
• Simple mechanical calibration easily checked without a throughput test
– Disadvantages of ultrasonic meter
• Power required for operation
• Flow profile must be fully developed for an average velocity to be determined
from a single path or reflection unit. (Note : multiple-path units average disturbed
flow patterms, including swirl to minimize flow profile problems)
• High initial cost
• Close promixity of control valve shall effect the meter’s performance

Metering Solution
Condition Measure Control
Other Components

Metering Solution
Why Solution ?
 Complexity of the system which needs expertise in
the areas such as
 Manifolding
 Proving
 Density Measurement
 Sampling System
 Computational Capabilities
 Supervisory Computer (s)
 Interfacing with DCS
 System Approvals
 System Guarantee

Metering Solution
Typical Two Stream Liquid Metering Skid
 


 


Metering Solution
Conditioning
 Inlet Header - Where inlet of the customer pipe gets
connected. Manifold acts as a distribution chamber for
take off of streams (meter runs).
 Inlet Block Valve -Typically manually operated Ball or
Gate Valve. Provides isolation to the meter run for
maintenance or standby.
 Meter Run - Consists of
 Strainer/Air-Eliminator - Eliminates debris & air from
entering the flow meter - protects internals. DP
transmitter for monitoring of DP across the strainer -
cleaning purpose. Usually a combination, however
separate vessels can be provided

Metering Solution
Measurement
 Measuring Element -
 Selected based on applications, ease of maintenance
 Coriolis meters for mass or volume measurement
 Generally Turbine Meters & PD Meters are used for
volumetric measurement.
 Turbines are good for low viscosity, higher flow handling
and less weight. Requires straight runs.
 PDs are good for high viscosity
 Instrument Spool Piece - Normally includes
Pressure & Temperature measurement and P & T gauges. P
& T signals are also available at Flow Computer for monitoring
& correction. Also includes additional Thermowell for spot
temperature measurement during third party calibration.

Metering Solution
Control
 Outlet Block Valve - At the outlet of each meter stream. Used for
blocking the flow when required and to establish required flow
through the operational meter. In the downstream of Flow control
valve. DBBs with means to verify seal integrity are used
 Diverting Valve - High integrity Double Block & Bleed valves
such as Plug or Gate type. Used to divert the flow stream through
the proving system or for stream switching. One as prover take-off &
one as prover return valves. Can be with or without actuators, which
can be electrical or pneumatic and with means to verify seal integrity
 Flow Control Valve - Normally does the function of equalizing
the flow in all meters. Used for flow adjustments/balancing between
parallel streams and during proving operation. Can be designed for
open, close or remain in it current position

Metering Solution
Other Components
 Outlet Header - Where outlet of the metering skid gets

connected to customer’s pipe.
 Density Meters - Normally provided at the outlet
header. Serves the purpose of online density required
for correction purpose.
 Sampling System - Normally consists of sampling
grabber & sampling containers . Establishes the quality
measurement accuracy of crude oil (water in oil) or
hydrocarbons (composition analysis)

Metering Solution
Other Components
 MCCS System - Includes Flow Computers, PLC and
MMI package allowing operators to interface with the
system in the field. MCCS system provides final control
of the valves, proving, temperature compensation.
Provides Delivery report, Alarm & Event Printing.
 Proving System - Brooks Compact Prover or Ball
Prover is used. Used to perform on-line meter proving
periodically without interrupting the operation of the
system.
 Cables, Cable Trays, Insulation, Lighting, 10%
Radiography of piping work, Thermal Relief Valves,
Junction Boxes, MOV distribution boxes etc.

Metering Solution
P&ID-Two Streams+BCP

Metering Solution
P&ID- 3 Streams+BCP

Metering Solution
P&ID- 4 Streams+Ball Prover

Metering Solution
Typical Liquid System Requirements
Strainers / Air-Eliminators
Flow transducers - Turbine, PD, or Coriolis Meters
Control valves - Flow and Pressure
Temperature and Pressure Xmtr’s
Block valves / DBB valves
Flow computers / Supervisory system/ Control Panel
Prover
Densitometers
Samplers / BS&W probes

Metering Solution
3 Streams P&ID

Metering Solution
Component Layout
4-20 mA / HART
Supervisory
4-20 mA / HART
4-20 mA
DT
Modbus
DT
Serial Link
RS422/485
RS-232 to Printer
Condition
Isolation Measurement Isolation
Upstream Downstream

Metering Solution
Moisture Analyzer
Consists of sample handling system and retrievable
sample probe with pressure regulator.Flow is regulated
before passed through the detector.
On certain applications heated regulator or heat traced

tubing is required to avoid condensation.
All devices are field mounted and provides 4-20mA output

for the given range and can be connected to DCS or
Flow computer.

Metering Solution
Hydrocarbon Dew Point Analyzer
For monitoring of hydrocarbon dew point in the gas.

Provides 4-20 mA output for DCS or Flow Computer.
It has three stage operation - purging, cooling and
warming.

Typical Gas Processing Flow Diagram
Platform
Sellers Facility
(GSP/ORF)
Pressure Letdown
Produced / Processed Gas Sales Gas Metering
Custody Transfer / Allocation
Metering LNG
Metering Skid
Buyers Facility
Check Metering Skid
City Gate
Gas Metering &
Regulating
Power Plants Compressor Plants

Gas Metering & Station Gas Metering &
Regulating Regulating
Metering Solution Flow Computer
Total Solution
 Networking
Over Pressure  Analog or HART

Metering System
Protection  High Speed Comm. Certification
 High Integrity Pr. Station Computer/DCS  Procedure Development
Protection  Configuration
 Third Party Interface
 Slam Shut Valves  Interface Metering System Management
 Active/Monitor Control  Revalidation
Metering & Regulating  Inspection
Stations  Maintenance
 Valves/Regulators Gas Measurement Safety & Reliability Study
 Filters/Mist Separators Systems  FMEA Analysis
 Orifice
 Hazop
 Ultrasonic
 Turbines
Gas Analysis
 Coriolis
 HC Dew Point Application Review
 Moisture Analyser  Gas Properties
 C6+/C7+/C9+ Chromatographs  Gas Composition Review
Operating Philosophy  Effect of Chemical Injection
 Moisture Content Input &  Effect of Control Valves
Renormalization  Piping study
 Two C9+ Chromatographs
 Density, BTU
Wobbe Index DMC / Flow Measurement.ppt 48 October, 03

Metering Solution
Typical Gas System Requirements
 Filters
 Flow transducers - Orifice, Ultrasonic
 Isolation Valves (Motorized or Manual)
 Temperature and pressure Transmitters
 Gas Chromatographs
 H2S Analyzers
 Moisture Analyzers
 Analyzer Shelters
 Density Meters
 Flow computers / Supervisory system/Control Panel
 Gas Samplers

Metering Solution
System Components
 Flow computer is used as one multi-function device providing
measurement, control & communication. Functions are
 Multi run totalizing & combining the data
 Prover calculations & controls
 Batch schedules & presetting batch sizes
 Sampler control
 Flow & Pressure control
 Batch start & stop ramping
 Data averaging & archiving
 Generates alarms and logs alarms & Records Transactions
 Provide customized reports
 PLC is used to provide I/O configuration algorithms

Metering Solution
System Components
 Supervisory computer system utilizes Windows NT as operating
system
 MMI utilizes application software such as Intellution or
Wonderware.
 The functions of Supervisory computer are:
 Maintains the database of the Transactions & Meter Factors
 Controls the batch
 Acts as Prover Computer
 Maintain the records of meter run totals
 Provides user friendly screens
 Logs alarms & events
 Generates various reports & provides printing of the same
 Provides communications link to the HOST system

Metering Solution
System Architecture

Metering Solution
System Architecture

Metering Examples
Gas Orifice Metering with GC and FC
1. What are the main inputs from field ?
- DP, PT, TT (4-20mA) or HART, and Gas Composition from GC
2. What are the things to consider on getting samples to GC
- Probes (Centre 1/3 of pipe)
- Regulation of line pressure to 20 psig
- Heat tracing (if HC Dewpoint is high or Gas is of high BTU)
- If external sampling conditioning system is required, heated regulators, or
even dual stage regulation may be required.
3. How is the computation in Flow Computer ?
- Base/Flowing density as per AGA-8/API 14.2 Detail Characterization Method,
or ISO 12213
- Compute Mass flow as per AGA-3/API 14.3 or ISO 5167
- Compute Standard Volume flow - Mass/Base Density
- Compute Gross Heating Value or Calorific Value as per GPA 2172, or ISO
6976 (if not obtained from GC)
- Compute Energy flow as per AGA-5
- FC must comply to API MPMS Ch. 21.1

Metering Examples
Gas USM Metering with GC and FC
- PT, TT (4-20mA) or HART, Frequency Pulses or Serial link from USM, and
Gas Composition from GC
- Base/Flowing density as per AGA-8/API 14.2 Detail Characterization Method,
or ISO 12213
- Obtain Gross Volume flow from USM. If dual frequency pulse is provided from
USM, IP 252/76 or API Ch. 5.5 Level A or B will be needed
- Compute Standard Volume flow as per AGA-9
- Compute Gross Heating Value or Calorific Value as per GPA 2172, or ISO
6976 (if not obtained from GC)
- Compute Energy flow as per AGA-5
- In addition, for verification check of Speed of Sound (SOS), perform
calculation of SOS as per AGA-10
- Compare calculated SOS with measured SOS from USM

Metering Examples
Liquid Turbine Metering - Crude Oil (Imperial)
- PT, TT (4-20mA) or HART, Frequency Pulses from Turbine meter, and
frequency from densitometer
- Use IP 252/76 or API Ch. 5.5 Level A or B for the dual frequency pulse from
turbine meter
- Compute Gross Volume flow - (Frequency/K-Factor)*MF*3600
- Obtain density reading from densitometer
- Obtain correction of observed relative density to relative density at 60/60
DegF as per API MPMS Ch. 11.1 Vol IV, Table 23A
- Obtain correction of volume (CTL) to 60 DegF against relative density at
60/60 DegF
- Obtain compressibility factor (CPL) as per API Ch. 11.2.1
- Compute Gross Standard Volume - Gross Volume * CTL * CPL
- Compute Net Standard Volume - Gross Standard Volume * Csw

Metering Examples
Liquid Turbine Metering - Crude Oil (SI Units)
- PT, TT (4-20mA) or HART, Frequency Pulses from Turbine meter, and
frequency from densitometer
- Use IP 252/76 or API Ch. 5.5 Level A or B for the dual frequency pulse from
turbine meter
- Compute Gross Volume flow - (Frequency/K-Factor)*MF*3600
- Obtain density reading from densitometer
- Obtain correction of observed density to density at 15 DegC as per API
MPMS Ch. 11.1 Vol VII, Table 53A
- Obtain correction of volume (CTL) to 15 DegC against density at 15 DegC
- Obtain compressibility factor (CPL) as per API Ch. 11.2.1M
- Compute Gross Standard Volume - Gross Volume * CTL * CPL
- Compute Net Standard Volume - Gross Standard Volume * Csw

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Basics of Flow and Metering

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– Measurement Contract Requirement on Custody Transfer

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– API Ch. 14 (14.1 to 14.8)

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– Daniel have only ultrasonic meter for gas measurement

• V = (L2 / (2 * X))* ((t1 - t2) / (t1 * t2))

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Condition Measure Control

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 Outlet Header - Where outlet of the metering skid gets

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On certain applications heated regulator or heat traced

All devices are field mounted and provides 4-20mA output

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Hydrocarbon Dew Point Analyzer

For monitoring of hydrocarbon dew point in the gas.

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Power Plants Compressor Plants

Over Pressure  Analog or HART

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