Chapter 17
Chapter 17
Chapter 17 Procedure
Content
• Nonparametric tests
• Step by step
• Mann-Whitney Rank-Sum Test
• The sign test
• Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks test
• The Runs test
• The Binomial test
• The Kolmogorov-smirnov one-sample test
• The One-sample chi-square test
• The Fridman one-way ANOVA
• The K-Sample median test
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Nonparametric tests
• What is parametric test?
• It is one that is based on certain parameters.
• The critical parameter that most of the procedures describ
ed in this book are based on is that data from samples ( an
d the populations from which they are drawn) are normall
y distributed (or something close to normal).
• Although some operations are based on other assumptions
or parameters (e.g., binomial or Possion distributions of d
ata), the Nonparametric Tests procedure deals with primar
ily with populations that are not normally distributed and
considered how to conduct statistical tests if the assumptio
n of normality is violated.
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• For data that are not normally distributed the
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Nonparametric tests
• Despite this seeming complexity, most nonparame
tric tests are quite understandable and easy to cond
uct.
• The old data set grade.sav will be used again.
• The output and step by step section will be combin
ed into one for each test.
• Nine different nonparametric tests will be showed
one by one:
Nonparametric tests
1. Mann-Whitney Rank-Sum Test:
a test of whether two groups differ from each other based o
n ranked scores. (independent t test)
2. The sign test:
Tests whether two distributions differ based on a comparis
on of paired scores. (paired t test)
3. Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks test:
The same as the sign test except the positive and negative s
ign are weighted by the mean rank of positive versus ne
gative comparison.
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Nonparametric tests
4. The runs test:
Tests whether the elements of a single dichotomous grou
p differ from a random distribution.
5. The binomial test
Tests whether the elements of a single dichotomous grou
p differ from a binomial distribution (each outcome eq
ually likely)
6. The kolmogorov-smirnov one-sample test
Tests whether the distribution of then members of a singl
e group differ significantly from a normal (or uniform
, or Possion) distribution.
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Nonparametric tests
7. The ons-sample chi-square test
Tests whether observed score differ significantly from ex
pected scores for level of a single variable.
8. The fridman one-way ANOVA
Tests whether three or more groups differ significantly fr
om each other, based on the average rank of groups ra
ther than the distribution of values.
9. The K-Sample median test:
Tests whether two or more groups differ on the number o
f instances (within each group) greater than the media
n value or less than the median value.
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Ranks
Test Statisticsa
final
Mann-Whitney U 1132.000
Wilcoxon W 1993.000
Z -1.184
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .237
Women didn’t score
a. Grouping Variable: gender significantly higher
than men
Ranks test
• The difficulty with the sign test is that a difference
between paired quizzes of 10 (10 on one, 0 on the other)
and a difference of 1 (1.g., 6 on one, 5on the other) will be
coded identically (as a negative).
• This test incorporates information about the magnitudes
of the differences between paired values.
• To compute this values, first the magnitude of the
differences (ignoring the signs) are ranked from high to
low. Then the ranks for the negative signs (quiz2<quiz1)
are summed and averaged, and the ranks for the positive
signs (when quiz2>quiz1) are summed and average.
Finally, significance values are calculated based on z
score.
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mple test
• The test is designed to measure whether a particular distri
bution differs significantly from a normal distribution (ske
wness and kurtosis of the distribution =0)
• A uniform distribution ( values are distributed evenly, suc
h as the numbers 1-100 consecutively), a poisson distribut
ion (the values λ equals the mean and the variance of the d
istribution; as λ becomes large, the distribution approxima
tes normality) or an exponential distribution.
• The procedure is based on a comparison of the sample cu
mulative distribution to the hypothesized (normal, unifor
m, or Poisson) cumulative distribution.
Assignment
• Review: chapter 17
• Preview: chapter 18
• Lab exercise: each example presented in the
chapter