Laser Beam Welding

SEMINAR PRESENTATION
ON
PRESENTED BY :
AMAN PANDEY
B.TECH M.E. 3RD YEAR SUBMITTED TO:-
ROLL NO. : 1752540013 MR. Purushottam Mishra
INTRODUCTION
Laser beam welding (LBW) is
a welding technique used to join multiple pieces
of metal through the use of a laser. The beam
provides a concentrated heat source, allowing for
narrow, deep welds and high welding rates. The
process is frequently used in high volume
applications, such as in the automotive industry. It
is based on keyhole mode welding or Penetration
mode welding.
LASER BEAM WELDING
PRIMARY TYPES OF LASERS USED IN WELDING
• Gas lasers: use a mixture of gases such as helium and
nitrogen. There are also CO2 or carbon dioxide lasers. These
lasers use a low-current, high-voltage power source to excite
the gas mixture using a lasing medium. Operate in a pulsed or
continuous mode.
• Carbon dioxide lasers use a mixture of high purity carbon
dioxide with helium and nitrogen as the lasing medium. CO2
lasers are also used in dual beam laser welding where the
beam is split into two equal power beams.
• Solid state lasers: Operate at 1micrometer wavelengths. They
can be pulsed or operate continuously. Pulsed operation
produced joints similar to spot welds but with complete
penetration. The pulse energy is 1 to 100 Joules. Pulse time is
1 to 10 milliseconds.
• Diode lasers
WORKING PRINCIPLE
WORKING PRINCIPLE
• A distinction is made between spontaneous and induced transition.
While the spontaneous emission is non-directional and in coherent
(e.g. in fluorescent tubes) is a laser beam generated by induced
emission when a particle with a higher energy level
• is hit by a photon. The resulting photon has the same properties
(frequency,
• direction, phase) as the exciting photon (“coherence”). In order to
maintain the ratio of the desired induced emission I spontaneous
emission as high as possible, the upper energy level must be
constantly overcrowded, in comparison with the lower one, the so-
called “laser-inversion”. As result, a stationary light wave is formed
between the mirrors of the resonator (one of which is semi-
reflecting) causing parts of the excited laser-active medium to emit
light.
• In the case of the CO2 laser, Figure, where the resonator is filled with a N2-
C02-He gas mixture, pumping is carried out over the vibrational excitation
of nitrogen molecules which again, with thrusts of the second type,
transfer their vibrational energy to the carbon dioxide. During the
transition to the lower energy level, CO2 molecules emit a radiation with a
wavelength of 10.6 μm.
• The helium atoms, finally, lead the CO2 molecules back to their energy
level.
TRANSVERSE-FLOW LASER SYSTEMS
With transverse-flow laser systems of a compact design can the
multiple folding ability of the beam reach higher output powers
than those achievable with longitudinal-flow systems, the beam
quality, however, is worse.
D.C.-EXCITED SYSTEMS
In D.C.-Excited Systems (high voltage), the electrodes are
positioned inside the resonator. The interaction between the
electrode material and the gas molecules causes electrode burn-
off.
DIFFUSION-COOLED CO2 SYSTEMS
• In diffusion-cooled CO2 systems beams of a high quality are generated in a
minimum of space. Moreover, gas exchange is hardly ever necessary.
• In the case of the CO2 laser, beam focusing is normally carried out with
mirror optics, Figure. Lenses may heat up, due to absorption, especially
with high powers or contaminations.
• As the heat may be dissipated only over the holders, there is a risk of
deformation (alteration of the focal length) or destruction through
thermal overloading.
SOLID STATE LASER
• As the heat may be dissipated only over the holders, there is a risk of
deformation (alteration of the focal length) or destruction through
thermal overloading.
• In the case of solid state laser, the normally cylindrical rod serves only the
purpose to pick up the laser-active ions (in the case of the Nd:YAG laser
with yttrium-aluminium-garnet crystals dosed with Nd3+ ions)
BEAM ENERGY
WELDING DEFECTS
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
CONCLUSION
Laser welding is popular because it could easily
adapt to different situations. Manual operation would
entail some handheld action along with several
materials that serve as necessary visual aids, usually in
the form of a microscope or a computer application.
For those who prefer automation, which is rather the
norm in mass production, the equipment could be
installed in a robot pre-programmed to carry out the
process via specialized algorithm, taking advantage of
what modern technology has to offer in terms of speed
and efficiency.

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