6.

1 Reading Circle, Bar and

Line Graphs
A graph shows information visually.
The type of graph usually depends
on the kind of information being
disclosed.
 To read a graph:
• Examine the title of the graph to find out
what information is shown.
• Examine the parts to see how they relate
to one another and to the whole.
• Examine the labels for each part of the
graph and any explanatory remarks that
may be given.
• Use the parts to calculate additional
amounts or percents.
A circle or pie graph uses a circle to
show pictorially how a whole is
divided into parts. The complete
circle represents one whole
quantity. The circle is divided into
parts so that the sum of the parts
equals the whole. These parts can
be fractions, decimals, or percents.
 Example A
•The following circle graph shows the
favorite breakfast foods for students.
•a. What is the most Favorite Breakfasts
cereal
other
popular item? 6%

•b. What percent of the eggs 20%

cereal
students favorite breakfast 42%

food is eggs and doughnuts

8%

pancakes? toast
6%
pancakes
20 + 11 = 31% waffles
11%
7%
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education,
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 Example A
•The following circle graph shows the
favorite breakfast foods for 300 students.
•a. How many students Favorite Breakfasts
other
prefer pancakes? 6%

eggs
20%
11% of 300 = 33 cereal
42%

doughnuts
8%
toast
6%
pancakes
waffles
11%
7%
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education,
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• What % of the gross
pay is used for
insurance?
• 11%
Distribution of wholesale price for a
$425 color television.
• What percent of the
Taxes wholesale price is the
$40 Overhead
$80 cost of labor?

? % 130
Materials 
$125 Profit $50 100 425
130100  425  30.6%

Labor • What would the

$130
wholesale price be if no
tariff (taxes) was paid on
imported parts?
$425  $40  $385
A bar graph uses two or more bars
to compare two or more amounts.
The bar lengths represent the
amounts being compared. Bars can
be drawn either vertical or
horizontal. Labels describe the bars
and the amount of each bar.
 How much fat is in a subway meatball sandwich?
Which item contains about 23 g of fat?
Which item contains the most about 16 grams
Burger King’s
fat? Whopper
KFC’s Original Recipe
Food on the Move Chicken Sandwich
Pizza Hut’s Pepperoni Pizza

Burger King’s Whopper

McDonald’s Big Mac

Wendy’s Big Bacon Classic

Subway’s Meatball Sandwich

KFC’s Original Recipe
Chicken Sandwich
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Fat content (in grams, g)
Source: Based on information from Olen.com and the Minnesota Attorney General's Office
 Company Oil Production

1980
1985
Year

1990
1995
2000
2005

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
100 milion barrels

How many more 100 million barrels of oil are indicated

for the company in 2005 than in 1985? 5.75  4  1.75
Judging from the graph, should company oil
production in 2010 be more or less than in 2005?
Line graphs use one or more lines
to show changes in data. Normally
the horizontal axis represents
periods of time or specific times
and the vertical axis gives the
numerical amounts.
Between what two years was the increase inFor which year was the water level the lowest?
water level the greatest?
For which year was the water level the highest? 2005
1970
2000and 1980

Lake Mead Average Water Level

1240
1220
Height in feet

1200
1180
1160
1140
1120
1100
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005
Year

Copyright
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 Petroleum products supplied by type in the U.S.
Million barrels per day

What year was the motor gasoline supply 6,580,000 barrels of oil? 1980

For which 10-year period was the increase in jet fuel the greatest? 1960 to 1970

In 2000 the supply of jet fuel was what percent of the motor gasoline supply? 20.3%
By what percent did jet fuel supplied increase from 1960 to 2000? 507.1 %
•Circle graphs, bar graphs, and line graphs
provide three ways of representing a
collection of data visually.

•Sometimes it is useful to describe a set of

data numerically, using statistics.

•A statistic is simply a number that

describes a set of data.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education,
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 An average is an approximate
number that is a central value of a
set of data. The most common
average is the arithmetic mean or
statistical mean.
 Average
To find the average or mean of a set of
numbers, add the numbers and then divide by
the number of data items. This is shown
symbolically as:
x
 x i

n
where the Greek letter sigma is a summation
symbol and indicates the addition of a set of
values.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education,

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 Example A
•Roberto bowled a 175, 210 and 162. Find
•his bowling average.
•Solution
•To find the mean we add the scores together
and then divide by the number of scores, 3:
175  210  162 547
  182.33
3 3

•Roberto’s bowling average is 182.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education,
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Besides the mean, we also use the
median and the mode to describe
groups of data. These are all called
measures of central tendency.
They are used to determine the
center of a set of data using a
different perspective.
 The median is the middle value
when the data values are arranged
in order of size.
If there is an even number of data
then the median is the average of
the 2 middle values.
•The salaries of six administrators at a large
company are as follows: $72,000,
$112,000, $68,000, $91,000, $71,000,
$81,000
•What is the median salary of the
administrators?
•Solution
•Arrange the numbers in order smallest to
largest
•68,000 71,000 72,000 81,000 91,000
112,000
•The two middle numbers are 72,000 and
81,000
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 $72, 000  $81, 000
• Median
2
$153, 000

2

 $76,500

• The median salary is $76,500.

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 Mode
The mode of a set of data is the number or
numbers that occur most often. If each number
occurs the same number of times, there is no
mode.

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 Example F
•Find the mode of these data.
•23, 24, 27, 27, 18, 29
•Solution
•The number that occurs most often is 27.

•A set of data has just one mean and just one

median, but it can have more than one mode. It
may also have no mode—when all the numbers
are equally represented.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education,
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• Find the mode or modes of these data:
• 1. 8, 12, 15, 27, 31, 42
• 2. 44, 55, 55, 55, 62, 65, 67, 67, 67, 72,
73, 75
• Solution
• 1. 8, 12, 15, 27, 31, 42 There is no
mode.
• The modes are 55 and 67.
• 44, 55, 55, 55, 62, 65, 67, 67, 67, 72,
73, 75
Slide 8- 25
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Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-
Wesley