Advanced Assembly

Chapter 6

The AVR microcontroller

and embedded
systems
using assembly and c

AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
 Topics
 Assembler directives
 Addressing modes
 Macro
 EEPROM memory
 Checksum

AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
 Some Assembler directives
Example
+ LDI R20,5+3 ;LDI R20,8
- LDI R30,9-3 ;LDI R30,6
* LDI R25,5*7 ;LDI R25,35
/ LDI R19,8/2 ;LDI R19,4

Example
& LDI R20,0x50&0x10 ;LDI R20,0x10
| LDI R25,0x50|0x1 ;LDI R25,0x51
^ LDI R23,0x50^0x10 ;LDI R23,0x40

Example
<< LDI R16, 0x10<<1 ;LDI R16,0x20
>> LDI R16, 0x8 >>2 ;LDI R16,0x2
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
 HIGH and LOW

LDI R20, LOW(0x1234) LDI R20, $34

$1234
LDI R21, HIGH(0x1234) LDI R21, $12
HIGH LOW

LDI R20, LOW(-200) LDI R20, $38

LDI R21, HIGH(-200) LDI R21, $FF

-200 = $FF38

HIGH LOW
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
 Single Register Addressing Mode
 Single Register Addressing Mode
 INC Rd
 INC R19
 DEC Rd
 DEC R23 ;R23 = R23 – 1

12 bits 4 bits
GPRs
Op. Code Rd 0

31

AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
 Immediate Addressing Mode
(Single register with immediate)
4 bits 8 bits 4 bits
GPRs
Op. Code Immediate Rd 0

 LDI Rd,K
d
 LDI R19,25
31

 SUBI Rd,K
 SUBI R23,5 ;R23 = R23 – 5

 ANDI Rd,K
 ANDI R21,0x15
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
 Two-register addressing mode

6 bits 5 bits 5 bits

GPRs
Op. Code Rr Rd 0

31
 ADD Rd,Rr
 ADD R26,R23
 SUB Rd,Rr
 LDI R20,R10

AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
 Direct addressing mode
 LDS Rd,address  STS address,Rs
 LDS R19,0x313  STS 0x95,R19

31 20 19 16 Data Space
Op. Code Rr/Rd 0
Data Address
15 0

Note: RAMEND has been used to

represent the highest location in
RAMEND
data space.
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
 I/O direct addressing mode
 OUT address, Rs  IN Rs,address
 OUT 0x70,R16  IN R19,0x90

I/O Memory
15 5 0 0
Op. Code Rr/Rd A

63
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
 Register indirect addressing mode
 LD Rd,X Data Space
0

LD R24,X
15 0

 X, Y, OR Z - REGISTER

 LD R19,Y
 LD R20,Z
Note: RAMEND has been used to represent
the highest location in data space. RAMEND

 ST X,Rd
 ST X,R18 15 XH XL 0

ST Y,R20 X – register : 7 0 7 0
 R27 R26
15 YH YL 0
Y – register : 7 0 7 0
R29 R28
15 ZH ZL 0
Z – register : 7 0 7 0
R31 R30

AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
 Example
 Write a program to copy the value $55 into
memory locations $140 to $144
LDI R19,0x5 ;R19 = 5 (R19 for counter)
LDI R16,0x55 ;load R16 with value 0x55 (value to be copied)
LDI YL,0x40
YL,0x40 ;load the LDI
low byte of Y with value 0x40
YL,LOW(0x140)
LDI YH,0x1
YH,0x1 ;load the LDI
highYH,HIGH(0x140)
byte of Y with value 0x1
L1: ST Y,R16 ;copy R16 to memory location 0x140
INC YL ;increment the low byte of Y
DEC R19 ;decrement the counter
BRNE L1 ;loop until counter = zero

AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
 Auto-increment and Auto decrement
 Register indirect addressing with Post-increment
 LD Rd, X+ 15
X, Y, OR Z - REGISTER
0 Data Space
0

 LD R20,X+
 ST X+, Rs 1 +

 ST X+, R8 RAMEND

 Register indirect addressing with Pre-decrement

 LD Rd, -X 15
X, Y, OR Z - REGISTER
0 Data Space
0

 LD R19,-X
+
ST –X,R31
-1


RAMEND

AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
 Example
 Write a program to copy the value $55 into
memory locations $140 to $144
LDI R19,0x5 ;R19 = 5 (R19 for counter)
LDI R16,0x55 ;load R16 with value 0x55 (value to be copied)
LDI YL,LOW($140) ;load the low byte of Y with value 0x40
LDI YH,HIGH($140) ;load the high byte of Y with value 0x1
L1: ST Y+,R16 ;copy R16 to memory location Y
DEC R19 ;decrement the counter
BRNE L1 ;loop until counter = zero

AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
 Register indirect with displacement
 STD Z+q,Rr ;store Rr into location Z+q
 STD Z+5,R20 ;store R20 in location Z+5
 LDD Rd, Z+q ;load from Z+q into Rd
 LDD R20, Z+8 ;load from Z+8 into R20

15 0 Data Space
Y OR Z - REGISTER 0

+
15
Op. Rr/Rd q
15 10 6 5 0
RAMEND

AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
 Storing fixed data in flash memory
DATA1: .DB 28 ;DECIMAL(1C in hex)
DATA2: .DB 0b00110101 ;BINARY (35 in hex)
DATA3: .DB 0x39 ;HEX
DATA4: .DB 'Y' ;single ASCII char
DATA6: .DB "Hello ALI" ;ASCII string

AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
 Storing fixed data in flash memory
LPM Rd, Z
Program Memory
 15 10
LSB
0
Z - REGISTER

 LPM R15, Z 15

 Example:
 LDI R30,0x80
 LDI R31,0
FLASHEND
15
Low High Address Low High 8 Address
7 0

 LPM R18,Z ;read from the low byte of loc 0x40

0000 0000 0000 0000 $0000
0000 0000 0000 0001 $0001 $0000
0000 0000 0000 0000

0000 0000 0000 0010 $0002

0000 0000 0000 0011 $0003 $0001
0000 0000 0000 0001

 LPM Rd, Z+
0000 0000 0000 0100

0000 0000 0000 0110

0000 0000 0000 0101

0000 0000 0000 0111

0000 0000 0000 0010

0000 0000 0000 0011

$0004
$0006
$0005
$0007
$0002
$0003

 LPM R20,Z
0000 0000 0000 1000

0000 0000 0000 1010

0000 0000 0000 1001

0000 0000 0000 1011

0000 0000 0000 0100

0000 0000 0000 0101

$0008
$000A
$0009
$000B
$0004
$0005
…..

…..

1111 1111 1111 1100 1111 1111 1111 1101 0111 1111 1111 1110 $FFFC $FFFD $7FFE
1111 1111 1111 1110 1111 1111 1111 1111 0111 1111 1111 1111 $FFFE $FFFF $7FFF

AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
 Example
 Analyze the following program; then rewrite it using LPM R20,Z+

.ORG $0000 ;burn into ROM starting at 0

LDI R20,0xFF
OUT DDRB,R20 ;make PB an output
LDI ZL, LOW(MYDATA<<1) ;ZL = 0 look-up table low-byte addr
LDI ZH,HIGH(MYDATA<<1) ;ZH = 0A look-up table high-byte addr
LPM R20,Z LPM R20,Z+
OUT PORTB,R20 ;send itOUT
to Port B
PORTB,R20
INC ZL ;R30 = 01 pointing to next byte (A01)
LPM R20,Z ;load R20
LPMwith 'S' char pointed to by Z
R20,Z+
OUT PORTB,R20 ;send itOUT
to Port B
PORTB,R20
INC ZL ;R30 = 02 pointing to next (A02)
LPM R20,Z ;load R20 with 'A' char pointed to by Z
OUT PORTB,R20 ;send it to Port B
HERE: RJMP HERE ;stay here forever
;data is burned into code(program) space starting at $500
.ORG $500
MYDATA: .DB "USA"
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
 Example
 Assume that ROM space starting at $500 contains the
message “The Promise of World Peace”. Write a program
to bring it into CPU one byte at a time and place the
bytes in RAM locations starting at $140.
.ORG 0 ;burn into ROM starting at 0
LDI ZL, LOW(MYDATA<<1) ;R30 = 00 low-byte addr
LDI ZH, HIGH(MYDATA<<1) ;R31 = 0A, high-byte addr
LDI XL, LOW(0x140) ;R26 = 40, low-byte RAM address
LDI XH, HIGH(0x140) ;R27 = 1, high-byte RAM address
AGAIN: LPM R16, Z+ ;read the table, then increment Z
CPI R16,0 ;compare R16 with 0
BREQ END ;exit if end of string
ST X+, R16 ;store R16 in RAM and inc X
RJMP AGAIN
END: RJMP END
.ORG 0x500 ;data burned starting at 0x500
MYDATA: .DB "The Promise of World Peace",0
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
 Macro

.MACRO INITSTACK
LDI R16,HIGH(RAMEND)
OUT SPH,R16
LDI R16,LOW(RAMEND)
OUT SPL,R16
.ENDMACRO

INITSTACK

AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
 Macro
.MACRO LOADIO
LDIR20,@1
OUT @0,R20
.ENDMACRO

LOADIO DDRB,0xFF
LOADIO PORTB,0x55

AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
 EEPROM
EEPROM is a place to store data. It is not deleted
EEPROM Address Register
 EEPROM Data Register
when power
Bit 15isEEPROM
off
14 13 Control
12 11Register
10 9 8
EEARH - - - - - - EEAR9 EEAR8

 ATmega32
EEARL has 1024 bytes of EEPROM
EEAR7 EEAR6 EEAR5 EEAR4 EEAR3 EEAR2 EEAR1 EEAR0

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
 In AVR 3 registers are dedicated to EEPROM
 EEARH:EEARL
 EEDR EECR

 EECR 15 0 0
EEARH EEARL

EEDR

1023
EEPROM
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
 Reading from EEPROM
 1. Wait until EEWE becomes zero.
 2. Write new EEPROM address to EEAR (optional)
 3. Set EERE to one.
 4. Read EEPROM data from EEDR.

AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
 Writing into EEPROM
 1. Wait until EEWE becomes zero.
 2. Write new EEPROM address to EEAR
(optional).
 3. Write new EEPROM data to EEDR (optional).
 4. Set EEMWE bit to one.
 5. Within four clock cycles after setting EEMWE,
set EEWE to one.

AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
 Checksum
 To detect data corruption
 Calculating checksum byte:
 Add the bytes together and drop the carries
 Take the 2’s complement of the total sum
 Testing checksum
 Add the bytes together and drop the carries
 Add the checksum byte to the sum
 If the result is not zero, data is corrupted

AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
 Example
 Find the checksum byte for the followings:
$25, $62, $3F, $52
Solution:
$25
+ $62
+ $3F
+ $52
$1 18
Checksum byte = 2’s complement of $18 = $E8

AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
 Example
 The checksum byte is $E8. Test checksum for the
following data:
$25, $62, $3F, $52
Solution:
$25
+ $62
+ $3F
+ $52
+ $E8
$00  not corrupted
AVR Microcontroller and Embedded System Using Assembly and C © 2011 Pearson Higher Education,
Mazidi, Naimi, and Naimi Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.