Hardware and input/output of

computer
 Hardware
• Physical part of computer.
• All electronic and mechanical devices in computer.
• All hard parts which are visible.
• All devices connect in a systematic (manageable) way to
form a system.
• Internal and external Input, output and secondary storage
devices attach to computer are called peripheral devices.
• Note:
• Electronic devices are components for controlling the flow
of electrical currents for the purpose of information
processing and system control. Examples transistors and
diodes . Electronic devices are usually small and group
together into packages called integrated Circuits.
 INPUT DEVICE
• Devices through which we enter data into
computer.
• Units that gather information and transform that
information it into a series of electronic signals for
the computer.
It accept data from user.
Converts that data in computer readable form
Coded data is then moved to the system for
processing.
Example: Keyboard , Mouse,
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 (1) Input methods
• Three types of input methods
1 On-line input method.
2 Source data input method.
3 Batch input method.
 Online Input Method
• This method is used where immediate
computer response is needed to complete a
transaction that requires the processing of a
small amount of available data.
 Keyboard
• Online input method.
• An arrangement of letters, numbers, and special
Characters and special function keys that act as the
primary online input device to the computer.
• Stander keyboard has 105 keys.
• Function keys are 12 (F1 to F12).
• Special instruction keys called control
keys.(shift,alt,ctrl,tab etc).
• Arrow keys.(left,right,up and down arrows).
• Arithmetic keys(+,-,*,/,%).

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 Mouse
• An input device that allows the user to manipulate objects on
the screen by moving the device along the surface of a desk.
• A small peripheral for moving a cursor or pointer around the
video screen as opposed to using the function keys and cursor
control keys.
• There are two basic type of mice
• One is mechanical mouse that has a small plastic box and a
hard rubber ball and roller in it.
• This mouse produces electrical pulses when rolled on a flat
surface.
• This small peripheral has three buttons but the left most is
commonly used.
• When it is moved around on its pad the
courser on the screen also moves accordingly.

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 Mouse cont….
The other type is an optical mouse. It has
photocells that pick up reflections from a special
optical pad that it moves over.
 Joystick
• A joystick is a device that enable you to move
cursor,word,line,page,object and pictures
from one point to another on the display
screen.
• It performed the same function as of arrow
keys in the keyboard.
• But it is fast and give you eight
direction movement as compared to four.
 Light pen
• The light pen looks like an ordinary pen,but its
tip is light sensitive detector.
• When the tip of the pen touches the surface
of the screen,the computer locates it position
in the form of X-Y coordinates of that point.
• The text writing or drawing can be directly
performed on the surface of the display
screen.
 One Pc Served Input Device To Other
• In communication systems when different
computers are connected to a main computer
through some communication media (LAN).
• The connected computers serves as the input
devices for the main computer.These
computers are called terminals.
• Example in mainframe computer.
 Graphic Tablet or Digitizer
• A very delicate and sophisticated device that is
used in the production of pictorial image.
• It enable a user to write/draw some thing on
the tablet like surface using the stylus.
• The tablet senses where the stylus touches it
and sends the X-Y coordinates for each point
to the computer.
 (2) Source Data input Methods
• In this method data is directly put into the
computer from the source.
• Scanner is the most common example.
• Different Optical scanning devices used in this
method.
• Scanners
• OMR
• OCR
• BCR
• MICR
 Scanners
• One of the very advance and important input
device.
• that has the capability of recognized
characters, objects and pictures .
• They are used to enter data into the computer
without the need of retyping which save a lot
of time.
• It has given new dimension in the graphical
and pictorial images.
 OMR
• a device capable of scanning/detecting data in
the form of marks of pen or pencil.
• For example this device is used to check the
objective test sheets filled by the students in
pencil.
• It is also called mark sensor.
• The test forms are fed into an optical mark
sensing device that convers the presence of
pencil marks into electrical signals that can be
input to a computer.
 OCR
• A device that utilizes light beams to read
alphanumeric characters of both handwritten
or typed text.
• These devices are used for large-volume
processing applications such as scanning of
utility bills of the customers.
• Credit cards of different companies etc.
 BCR
• A device capable of reading data in the form of
bars/lines.
• This device is dependent on the black and white
stripes of the Universal Product Code (UPC) used on
items found in most supermarkets.
• Bar codes are used for labeling goods and stock in a
shop.
• After detecting the code, it transmits the data to the
store’s computer.
• Which locates the current price, updates the stock
and prints the receipt for the customer.
MICR (magnetic ink character Reader)
• A device developed for overcoming the
burden of cheques handling in banks.
• This device speeds up the process of data
entry of cheques which are directly entered
into the input device.
• The numbers and special characters are
printed in a magnetizable ink for the device to
read and then send data to the computer.
 (3) Batch input method
• In this method firstly data is converted from
source document and storage devices into
machine readable code.
• Conversion is not necessary if data is already
in machine code.
• The data is then stored on some type of input
devices. Such that punch card , punch paper
tape, Magnetic tape and magnetic disks.
 Punch card
• It consists of a thin piece of card
7 1/8 inches X 3 1/4 inches (about).
• Each card has either 80 or 96 columns printed on it.
• A simple code is used and data are recorded on the card by
punching holes in it with the help of key punch machine.
• The card is then verified and sorted through card verifier and
card sorter machine respectively.
• The data on the each card is then fed into the computer by a
machine is called card reader.
• A character is represented by one or more holes punch in a
particular column.
• Card reading speed different from a low of 250 cards per
minutes to about 1500 cards per minutes.
 Magnetic tap
• Data are stored on tape as magnetized spots arranged
in patterns representing characters.
• Data can be erase when no longer needed.
• These devices stored a large amount of data.
• It can carry up to a maximum of nine rows of magnetic
spot.
• Each row or track having its Owen reading/writing
head for playing back or recording the information.
• The information is written in one large, continues
stream.
• Data tapes have three basic format
1) Tape Reels:- these are used with mainframe and
mini computer.
• Usually 2400 feet long.
• ½ inches wide.
• Data density 1600 bytes per inch.
2) Tape Cartridges:- these are enclosed in plastic
cases used with mini computers.
• Usually 140 or 150 feet long.
• ¼ inches wide.
• Data density 400 bytes per inch .
3) Tape Cassettes:- These are same as the audio
cassette and used with micro computers.
• Usually 150 or 300 feet long.
• 1/8 inches wide.
• Data density 200 bytes per inch.
 Magnetic disk
• These disk are flat, circular, thin.
• Coated with metallic oxide.
• Easily magnetized for recording data in the
form of magnetized spot.
example are floppy disk, hard disk compact
disk.
 floppy disks
• It is a sheet of flexible plastic coated with iron
oxide.
• It has a diameter of 5 ¼ inches and held inside
a cardboard envelope (to protect them from
dust) with a window in it, that allows reading
or writing of data on the disk.
 Compact Disks
• It has a diameter of 3 ½” encased in a hard
plastic shell and works on the same pattern as
the floppy disk.
 Hard Disk
• It is larger than the floppy disk and composed
of metal.
• It has a great speed and high data density,
provides for data storage and retrieval.
 OUTPUT DEVICE
• Devices that display, print, or transmit the results
of processing.
• Devise that show the result of the machine
operation in printed or on other visual form or on
tapes and disks.
• The devices that receives results from a CPU.
• Converts that data(result) in user readable form.
• Result will be in two form.
• (1) soft copy (2) hard copy
Example: Monitor , Printer. etc

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 Monitor

• Display device that forms an image by converting electrical signals

from the computer into points of colored light on the screen.
• It show the out put of cpu in soft form.
• Two main example of monitor are CRT (Cathode ray Tube) and LCD
(liquid Crystal display).

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Projector:-
• An output device that can take the display of a computer
screen and project(Display) a large version of it onto a flat
surface.
• Projectors are often used in meetings and presentations so
that everyone in the room can view the presentation.
 Printer
• Output device that produces text or graphical images on paper (hard
copy).
• An external hardware device responsible for taking computer data
and generating a hard copy of that data. Printers are one of the most
used peripherals on computers and are commonly used to print text,
images, or photos.
• Example are inkjet printer, laser printer, dot matrix printer.

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 Inkjet printer
• The most popular printer for home computer
users that prints by spraying streams of quick-
drying ink on paper. The ink is stored in
disposable ink cartridges.
• Dot Matrix printer:-
• The term DOT matrix refers to the process of placing dots to form an
image; the quality of the image being determined by the dots per inch.
• Dot matrix printers uses print heads (hammers) to shoot ink or strike an
ink ribbon to place hundreds to thousands of little dots to form text or
images.
Laser Printer:-
• laser printer is a printer that utilizes laser technology to print
images on the paper.
• Laser printers are often used in corporate, school, and other
environments that require print jobs to be completed quickly
and in large quantities.
 Speakers

• Output devices that receive signals from the computer’s

sound card to play music and sound effects.
• A hardware device connected to a computer's sound card
that outputs sounds generated by the computer
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 Microphone
• Used as an input and as an output devices.
• It has a mic and two small speaker.
 Sound Card

• An audio card or sound card is an circuit board that gives

the computer the ability to accept audio input, play sound
files, and produce audio output through speakers or
headphones.

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Video adapter
• Alternatively referred to as a graphics card, video card, video
board, or a video controller, a video adapter is an internal
circuit board that allows a display device such as a monitor to
display images from the computer.
 Modem

• A device that sends and receives data to and from

computers over telephone lines.
• It is used as an input and output device.

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