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Archimedes' Principle Explains Why Steel Ships Float

Archimedes' Principle explains why steel ships float. The document provides the objectives and key concepts of fluid power principles including: force, pressure, Pascal's law, pressure transmission, displacement transmission, actuators, Bernoulli's principle, and examples of calculations involving flow velocity, pressure change, force multiplication, and relationships between force, pressure, and area. Example problems are provided to demonstrate applications of these fluid power principles.

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53 views22 pages

Archimedes' Principle Explains Why Steel Ships Float

Archimedes' Principle explains why steel ships float. The document provides the objectives and key concepts of fluid power principles including: force, pressure, Pascal's law, pressure transmission, displacement transmission, actuators, Bernoulli's principle, and examples of calculations involving flow velocity, pressure change, force multiplication, and relationships between force, pressure, and area. Example problems are provided to demonstrate applications of these fluid power principles.

Uploaded by

adaptive4u4527
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Archimedes' Principle explains why steel ships float

P5
Carry out calculations that relate to the fluid
power principles used in the design of circuits
Lesson Objectives

• Understand the basic physical terms along with their units

• Learn the physical laws that are applicable in Fluid Power Systems

• Be able to apply the physical laws to solve the given problems


• Force
• It is the push or pull on an object with mass that causes it to change
velocity (to accelerate)
F=mxa
• m is the mass of object Kg
• a is the acceleration due to gravity ( 9.8 m/s2)
• Pressure
• It is force acting per unit area.
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆
Pressure =
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂
𝐹
P= N/m2
𝐴
• The SI unit of pressure is Pascal (Pa) - 1 Pascal is equal to 1N force
acting on 1 m2 area.
• Pa is a small unit, always kilo or mega is used along with it.
• Other units are psi, bar, torr etc
• Gauge Pressure : Pressure measured relative to atmospheric
pressure. Unit (psig)
• Absolute Pressure: Pressure measured form absolute zero pressure
(vacuum)
Absolute pressure = Gauge Pressure + Atmospheric pressure
Pascal's Law
Pressure in a confined body of fluid acts equally in all
directions and at right angles to the containing surfaces.
Force Multiplication

Small forces from the pressure piston can produce larger forces by enlarging the working piston surface.

This is the fundamental principle which is applied in every hydraulic system from the jack to the lifting platform.
Problem - Pressure Transmission 1m = 100 cm
100 cm = 1m
• A vehicle is to be lifted by a hydraulic jack. The mass m amounts to 1 m2 = 104 cm2
1500 kg. What force F1 is required at the piston?
A1= 40 cm2, A2= 1200 cm2

Force Multiplication
Problem - Displacement Transmission
Displacement of the piston is inversely proportional
to it’s area.

𝟏
Displacement ∝
𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂

If area A1 = 40 cm2, A2 = 1200 cm2 and S1 = 15 cm, calculate displacement S2.


(S2=0.5 cm)
If A2 = 1200 cm2, s1=30 cm, s2 = 0.3 cm. Calculate the area A1
(= 12 cm2)
Actuators - Cylinders

The maximum force generated by a


cylinder depends on:
Operating pressure
Diameter of the piston
Friction of the inner parts
• Calculate the pressure required to operate a cylinder with piston
diameter 5 cm and force is 1700 N.
Lesson Objectives

• Learn the basics of Bernoulli principle and pressure transmission

• Understand the fluid power problems and their underlying principles

• Solve the given fluid power problems


Bernoulli's principle
Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in the speed of a
fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in static pressure or a
decrease in the fluid's potential energy.

Change in pressure= ∆p =
𝜌
2 (V12 – V22)
where ∆p is change in pressure in Pa

V1 and V2 are two velocities at two sections


𝑚
Flow Velocity= v = where v is velocity in ms-1
𝜌𝐴
m mass in Kg
𝜌 is density in Kgm-3
A is area in m2
𝜋𝑑 2
Area= A = where A is area in m2
4
d is diameter in m
Problem 1
• Air of density 2 Kgm-3 flows through a pipe at a mass-flow rate of flow

2.5 Kgs-1, if the pipe diameter gradually changes from 250 mm to 350

mm; calculate the flow velocity at the two sections and the pressure

change that occurs.


Force Multiplication

Small forces from the pressure piston can produce larger forces by enlarging the working piston surface.

This is the fundamental principle which is applied in every hydraulic system from the jack to the lifting platform.
Problem 2
• If the wright of the car (shown in Figure 1) is 10, 000 N, the diameter

of piston A is 10 mm and the force applied on piston A is 250 N.

Calculate the radius of piston B.

𝜋𝑑 2
Area= A = where A is area in m2
4
d is diameter in m

P1 = P2 where P is pressure in Pa

𝐹1 𝐹2
= F is force in N
𝐴1 𝐴2
A is area in m2

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