ROTATING ELECTRICAL MACHINE
DC MACHINE
It is an electro-mechanical energy conversion device.
DC GENERATOR
DC MOTOR
DC GENERATOR
It converts mechanical power/energy
into dc electrical power/energy.
Principle:
• Electromagnetic induction
• When a conductor cuts across the magnetic
field, emf is induced in it.
CONSTRUCTION OF DC MACHINE
MAGNETIC FRAME
POLE CORE AND POLE SHOES
FIELD OR EXCITING COILS
ARMATURE CORE
ARMATURE WINDING
COMMUTATOR
BRUSHES
SHAFT
END COVERS/HOUSINGS
MAGNETIC FRAME
Outer cylindrical frame
Yoke
Provides mechanical protection to the inner parts of the
machine
Made up of cast iron for smaller machines
Made up of cast steel for larger machines
POLE CORE AND POLE SHOES
Function of pole core is to establish the required flux.
Pole shoes serves the following purposes:-
Support the exciting or field coils.
They spread out magnetic flux over armature uniformly.
• FIELD OR EXCITING COILS
– Copper wire
– When direct current is passed through field winding, it
magnetizes the poles which produces the required flux.
ARMATURE CORE
Cylindrical in shape
Peripheral slots are cut over it which accommodate the
armature winding
Houses the conductors in the slots
Provides easy path for magnetic flux
ARMATURE WINDING
Insulated conductors are housed in armature slots are
connected known as Armature winding.
Heart of DC Machine
Conversion takes place here
DC Generator: Mechanical Power Electrical Power
DC Motor: Electrical Power Mechanical Power
TYPES OF ARMATURE WINDING
LAP WINDING
No. of parallel paths are equal to number of poles
P Poles, Z conductors => P parallel paths
Each path will have Z/P conductors in series
WAVE WINDING
Armature Conductors = Z
Parallel Paths = 2
No. of conductors in each path = Z/2
COMMUTATOR
In DC Generator: It converts alternating current into
unidirectional current.
In DC Motor: It converts alternating torque into
unidirectional torque.
BRUSHES
Made of high grade carbon.
Collects current from commutator and deliver to the
stationary load circuit.
SHAFT
Armature and Commutator are housed on the shaft.
Main function is to rotate.
END CORES/HOUSINGS
Made up of Cast iron/Cast Steel
To protect inner parts of machine from dust.
WORKING
A coil is placed in stationary magnetic field.
Rotated in anticlockwise direction at an angular
velocity of w radians per second by some external
torque.
Coil cuts the magnetic field and thus Emf is induced
Direction of Emf is determined by Fleming Right Hand
Rule
Coil is connected to external load resistor and thus
current flows.
The induced emf and current flowing through resistor
is alternating.
Alternating current is converted into unidirectional
current with the help of commutator.
In actual machine, there are no. of coils. Therefore, the
current or emf delivered by these coils is:
The no. of coils placed on the armature are even much
more than this and thus a pure dc is obtained at the
output.
EMF EQUATION
Let
P = No. of poles of machine
Ф = Flux per pole in Wb
Z = Total no. of armature conductors
N = Speed of armature in rpm
A = No. of parallel paths
In one revolution, flux cut by one conductor = PФ Wb
Time taken to complete one revolution = t = 60/N sec
Average emf induced in one conductor
E= PФ/ t
E = PФ / 60/N
E = P Ф N / 60
Average emf induced across each parallel path
E= PФN Z
60 A
Thus, E = PZФN / 60 A
Here, N = speed in rpm
Let n = speed in rps
n = N / 60
E = PZ Фn / A
E α Фn
TYPES OF DC GENERATORS
SELF EXCITED DC
GENERATORS
SEPARATELY EXCITED DC
GENERATORS • SHUNT WOUND GENERATORS
• SERIES WOUND GENERATORS
• COMPOUND WOUND GENERATORS
SEPARATELY EXCITED DC GENERATORS
A dc generator in which current is supplied to the field
winding from an external dc source.
Terminal Voltage = Eg – Ia Ra
Power developed = Eg Ia
Output power = VIl = V Ia
SELF EXCITED DC GENERATOR
A dc generator in which field winding is supplied
current by the generator itself.
SHUNT SERIES
COMPOUND
WOUND WOUND
WOUND
SHUNT WOUND GENERATORS
In this, the field winding is connected across the armature winding forming a
parallel circuit.
Shunt field current, Ish = V / Rsh
Ia = Il + Ish
V = Eg – IaRa
Power developed = EgIa
Output Power = V Il
Eg
SERIES WOUND DC GENERATOR
In this, field winding is connected in series with the armature winding forming
a series circuit.
Series field current, Ise = Il = Ia
V = Eg – IaRa – Ise Rse
Power developed = EgIa
Output Power = V Ia = V Il
Eg
COMPOUND WOUND GENERATORS
There are 2 sets of field windings on each pole. One is connected in series and the
Other is connected in parallel with the armature.
LONG SHUNT
SHORT SHUNT
LONG SHUNT
In this the shunt field winding is connected in parallel with the
combination of both armature and series field winding.
Shunt field current, Ish = V / Rsh
Series field current, Ise = Ia = Ish + IL
Terminal Voltage, V = Eg – IaRa – Ise Rse
Power Developed = Eg Ia
Power Output = V IL
Eg
SHORT SHUNT
In this the shunt field winding is connected in parallel with only
armature winding.
Series field current, Ise = IL
Shunt field current, Ish = Eg – Ia Ra / Rsh
Ia = Ish + IL
Eg
Terminal Voltage, V= Eg – Ia Ra – IL Rse
power developed = Eg Ia
Power Output = V IL
Applications of DC Generator
Separately excited dc generators are used where quick and definite
response to control is required.
Shunt wound dc generators are best suited for battery charging.
Series wound dc generators are used for lightning.
Compound wound dc generators are used for:
• Lightning and power services
• Employed as welding sets
