PHYSICAL GEODESY
(GRAVIMETRY)
A LECTURE PREPARED BY:
ENGR. A.A.WALSIYEN, JR. MA(EHP)
SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
DEPARTMENT OF GEODETIC/CIVIL ENGINEERING
GRAVIMETRY
• GRAVIMETRY – THE SCIENCE WHICH DEALS
WITH THE EFFECTS OF GRAVITY AT DIFFERENT
POINTS ON THE EARTH’S SURFACE.
• GRAVITY – THAT FORCE WHICH TENDS TO
PULL BODIES TOWARDS THE EARTH: I.E. TO
GIVE BODIES WEIGHT.
• GRAVITY IS THE RESULTANT OF TWO OPPOSING FORCES: GRAVITATION
AND THE CENTRIFUGAL FORCE DUE TO THE ROTATION OF THE EARTH.
GRAVIMETRY
• GRAVITY WOULD BE TAKEN TO MEAN THE
RESULTANT OBTAINED BY COMBINING THE FORCE
OF THE EARTH’S ATTRACTION DUE TO GRAVITY
AND THE CENTRIFUGAL FORCE DUE TO THE
ROTATION OF THE EARTH
• GRAVITATION – IN GENERAL, THE MUTUAL
ATTRACTION BETWEEN MASSES OF MATTER.
• IN GEODESY, THE MUTUAL ATTRACTION
BETWEEN THE EARTH AND THE BODIES ON OR
NEAR ITS SURFACE.
NEWTON’S LAW ON UNIVERSAL
GRAVITATION
• THE LAW: THE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE
BETWEEN OBJECTS DEPENDS ON THEIR
MASSES AND THEIR DISTANCE OF SEPARATION
• FUNDAMENTAL OBSERVATIONS ON
GRAVITATION:
1. THE FORCE BETWEEN TWO ATTRACTING
BODIES IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE INDIVIDUAL
MASSES
2. THE FORCE IS INVERSELY PROPORTIOAL TO THE
SQUARE OF THE DISTANCE
3. THE FORCE IS DIRECTED ALONG THE LINE
CONNECTING THE TWO BODIES
NEWTON’S LAW ON UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION: -
--every particle attracts every other particle in the
universe with a force which is directly proportional to
the product of their masses and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between their centers.
FG = GM1M2/RSQUARE
WHERE:
FG = MAGNITUDE OF THE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE
OF ATTRACTION BETWEEN THE TWO OBJECTS.
M1 = MASS OF THE FIRST OBJECT
M2 = MASS OF THE SECOND OBJECT
R = DISTANCE BETWEEN THE TWO OBJECTS
G = UNIVERSAL GRAVITATIONAL CONSTANT
= 6.674×10−11 m 3/s 2/kg
• UNIT OF GRAVITATION
1 GAL. = 10 −2 m/s2 = 1 cm/s2
1 mGal = 10 −5 m/s2
1 microGal = 10 −8 m/s2
GRAVITY DETERMINATION
T=P = period of pendulum
L = length of string from the
pivot to the center of the bob Oscillation – composed of two
g= value of measured gravity consecutive vibrations.
The motion of the bob from a
to b to a.
• In the following we wish to use this equation to
determine the local acceleration due to gravity g
based on a pendulum experiment. Solving for g we
obtain:
g = 4π^2(L/T^2)
s.f. significant figures
PENDULUM
PENDULUM - IN GENERAL, A BODY SO SUSPENDED AS TO SWING
FREELY TO AND FRO UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF GRAVITY AND
OBJECT SUSPENDED FROM A FIXED POINT BY A FINE THREAD
MOMENTUM
SIMPLE PENDULUM – A THEORETICAL CONCEPT; A HEAVY
PARTICLE OR WHICH IS INEXTENSIVE AND WITHOUT WEIGHT.
THE PERIOD OF PENDULUM SHALL BE CORRECTED FOR:
1. TEMPERATURE – 15degrees Celsius 2. RATE
3. PRESSURE 4. ARC – 20degrees 5. FLEXURE
6. STRAIN
KINDS OF GRAVITY DETERMINATION
1. ABSOLUTE DETERMINATION
- DETERMINATION OF GRAVITY IN WHICH BOTH THE P
AND L ARE DETERMINED BY MEASUREMENT
2. RELATIVE DETERMINATION
- DETERMINATION OF GRAVITY IN WHICH THE P IS
MEASURED AND G IS CALCULATED COMPARED IN DIFFERENT
STATION
Study says Earth’s magnetic field has shifted rapidly in the
past, and if it happens again it could be catastrophic
- One of the big reasons that life thrives on Earth is that it’s
protected from some of the more harsh phenomenon of space
by something that we can’t even see. It’s the magnetic field
that our planet generates, and it does a whole lot more than
tell your compass which way you’re facing.
- A new study suggests that our planet’s poles could indeed
shift, and shift much more rapidly than previously thought. In a
paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences, researchers say that they have found evidence that
Earth’s poles have shifted quickly in the past, and if that were to
happen again it could cause global calamity.
The study, which was conducted by scientists in China,
Australia, and Taiwan, focuses on findings from an
unexpected place: a cave. Stalagmites from an underground
cavern in China were found to hold a rather precise record of
the magnetic changes that took place on Earth over a 16,000
year period starting around 107,000 years in the past.
Scientists believe that the data they gathered reveals that
Earth’s magnetic field shifted over the course of only a
couple hundred years. This polarity flip is much faster than
scientists had guessed. Previous estimates suggested that it
would take several thousands of years for the poles to
change. This is bad news for technology-dependent species…
which is pretty much just us.
When the poles shift, the magnetic field of the Earth
weakens significantly. Scientists theorize that the strength
of the magnetic field could dip by as much as 90 percent,
which would have an incredible impact on the electronics
and power grids we depend on every day.
Today, even with the Earth’s magnetic field at full strength,
solar weather can pose a threat to sensitive systems. Solar
flares and coronal mass ejections can fry communication
equipment and cause costly damage. If the Earth’s
protective field were to weaken by 90%, the researchers
say we could see damage that tallies in the trillions of
dollars, not to mention a significant impact to modern life.
• Physical geodesy utilizes measurements and characteristics of
the earth's gravity field to deduce the shape of the geoid.
- With sufficient information regarding the earth's gravity
field, it is possible to determine geoid undulations,
gravimetric deflections, and the earth's flattening.
Two distinctly different types of gravity measurements are
made:
1. absolute gravity : If the value of acceleration of gravity can
be determined at the point of measurement directly
2. relative gravity : If only the differences in the value of the
acceleration of gravity are measured between two or more
points
• A simple pendulum consists of a string, cord, or wire that allows a
suspended mass to swing back and forth. The categorization of "simple"
comes from the fact that all of the mass of the pendulum is concentrated
in its "bob" - or suspended mass.
• As seen in this diagram, the length of the pendulum is measured from the
pendulum's point of suspension to the center of mass of its bob.
Its amplitude is the string's angular displacement from its vertical or
its equilibrium position. If a pendulum is pulled to the right side and
released to swing back and forth, its path traces our a sine curve as shown
below.
• The time required for one complete vibration, for example, from one crest
to the next crest, is called the pendulum's period and is measured in
seconds.
• The formula to calculate this quantity is
where
L is the length of the pendulum in meters
g is the gravitational field strength, or acceleration due to gravity
• This quantity at sea level is 9.81 m/sec2 and can be calculated as
where:
G = 6.67 x 10-11 nt m2/kg2
M Earth is the mass of the earth (6.02 x 1024 kg)
R Earth is the average radius of the earth (6.4 x 106 meters)
• The frequency of a pendulum represents the number of vibrations per
second. This quantity is measured in hertz (hz) and is the reciprocal of the
pendulum's period
• Let's practice a few problems with these formulas.
• What would be the period of a pendulum located at sea level if it is 1.5 meters
long?
• If the pendulum's length were to be shortened to one-fourth its original value,
what would be its new period? How many complete vibrations would this shorter
pendulum trace out in one minute if it were to be released with a small initial
amplitude?
• At sea level, how long would a pendulum be if it has a frequency of 2 hz?
The timing mechanism in a grandfather's clock is based on the principles of a
simple pendulum. If your clock is gaining time, should you shorten or lengthen its
pendulum?
• Would a grandfather clock keep time on the moon?
