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Chapter 2 How The Web Works

The document provides information on how the internet and web work, including: 1) The internet is a globally connected network that uses TCP/IP to transmit data via various media like wireless, wired, and fiber optic technologies. The web is one way information can be shared over the internet using hyperlinks. 2) Websites are hosted on servers, which are addressed using domain names that are translated to IP addresses by DNS servers. Web pages are addressed using URLs that specify the protocol, domain name, and file path. 3) HTML is the markup language used to structure and present content on web pages. It uses tags to label elements like headings, paragraphs, and tables that browsers use to display pages.

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Eduard Anthony Pechayco
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545 views38 pages

Chapter 2 How The Web Works

The document provides information on how the internet and web work, including: 1) The internet is a globally connected network that uses TCP/IP to transmit data via various media like wireless, wired, and fiber optic technologies. The web is one way information can be shared over the internet using hyperlinks. 2) Websites are hosted on servers, which are addressed using domain names that are translated to IP addresses by DNS servers. Web pages are addressed using URLs that specify the protocol, domain name, and file path. 3) HTML is the markup language used to structure and present content on web pages. It uses tags to label elements like headings, paragraphs, and tables that browsers use to display pages.

Uploaded by

Eduard Anthony Pechayco
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2: How The Web

Works
Internet

• Is a globally connected network system that uses TCP/IP to transmit data


via various types of media. The internet is a network of global exchanges –
including private, public, business, academic and government networks –
connected by guided, wireless and fiber-optic technologies.
• Is a network of connected computers. No company owns the internet. It is
a cooperative effort governed by a system of standards and rules.
Web

• (originally called the World-Wide-Web, thus the WWW)


• Is just one of the ways information can be shared over the internet.
• It is unique in that it allows documents to be linked to one another using
hypertext links – thus forming a huge “web” of connected information.
• Uses a protocol called HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
• Is a subset of the internet. It is just one of many ways information can be
transferred over networked computers.
SERVING UP YOUR INFORMATION

The Server – is the software that allows the computer to communicate with
other computers; however, it is common to use the word “Server” to refer to
the computer as well.
Example:
1. Apache – Open Source Software
2. Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS)
Internet Protocol (IP)
 address uniquely assign in every computer/ device.
 Is useful for computer software
Domain Name System (DNS)

DNS – was developed to allow us to refer to that server by its domain name. It is
more accessible to humans.

Domain Name Server – Responsible for matching the text domain names to their
respective numeric IP addresses.

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) – the organization that assign IP


numbers, handed out it last bundle of IP address on February 3, 2011.

Open Source – Open source software is developed as a collaborative effort with


the intent to make it source code available to other programmers for use and
modification. Open source programs are usually available for free.
Web Page Addresses (URL’s)
URL – Uniform Resource Locator. A special address of every page and resource
on the web.

The parts of the URL


- A complete URL is generally made-up of three components: the protocol,
the site name, and the absolute path to the document or resource as
shown:
Document File

http://www.example.com/2012/sample/first.html
Protocol Domain Name Directory Path
Host Name
Http://
The first thing the URL does is define the protocol that will be used for that
particular transaction. The letters HTTP let the server known to the use of
hypertext transfer protocol, or get into “web-mode”
www.example.com
The next portion of the URL identifies the website by its domain name. In this
example, the domain name is example.com

/2012/sample/first.html
This is the absolute path through directories on the server to the requested
HTML document, first.html. The words separated by slashed are the directory
names, starting with the root directory of the hosts (as indicated by the initial
‘/’).
HTML Introduction

 HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages.


 HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
 HTML describes the structure of a Web page
 HTML consists of a series of elements
 HTML elements tell the browser how to display the content
 HTML elements are represented by tags
 HTML tags label pieces of content such as "heading", "paragraph", "table",
and so on
 Browsers do not display the HTML tags, but use them to render the content
of the page
•The <!DOCTYPE html> declaration defines this document to be HTML5
•The <html> element is the root element of an HTML page
•The <head> element contains meta information about the document
•The <title> element specifies a title for the document
•The <body> element contains the visible page content
•The <h1> element defines a large heading
•The <p> element defines a paragraph
HTML Attributes
HTML Attributes
 All HTML elements can have attributes
 Attributes provide additional information about an element
 Attributes are always specified in the start tag
 Attributes usually come in name/value pairs like: name="value"
HTML Tag Reference
HTML Formatting Elements
HTML Quotation and Citation Elements
HTML Colors
Color Values
In HTML, colors can also be specified using RGB
values, HEX values, HSL values, RGBA values, and
HSLA values:
RGB Value

In HTML, a color can be specified as an RGB value, using this formula:


rgb(red, green, blue)
Each parameter (red, green, and blue) defines the intensity of the color
between 0 and 255.
For example, rgb(255, 0, 0) is displayed as red, because red is set to its highest
value (255) and the others are set to 0.
To display black, set all color parameters to 0, like this: rgb(0, 0, 0).
To display white, set all color parameters to 255, like this: rgb(255, 255, 255).
HEX Value

In HTML, a color can be specified using a hexadecimal value in the form:


#rrggbb
Where rr (red), gg (green) and bb (blue) are hexadecimal values between 00
and ff (same as decimal 0-255).
For example, #ff0000 is displayed as red, because red is set to its highest value
(ff) and the others are set to the lowest value (00).
HSL Value

In HTML, a color can be specified using hue, saturation, and lightness (HSL) in
the form:
hsl(hue, saturation, lightness)
Hue is a degree on the color wheel from 0 to 360. 0 is red, 120 is green, and
240 is blue.
Saturation is a percentage value, 0% means a shade of gray, and 100% is the
full color.
Lightness is also a percentage, 0% is black, 50% is neither light or dark, 100% is
white
RGBA Value

RGBA color values are an extension of RGB color values with an alpha channel
- which specifies the opacity for a color.
An RGBA color value is specified with:
rgba(red, green, blue, alpha)
The alpha parameter is a number between 0.0 (fully transparent) and 1.0 (not
transparent at all):
HSLA Value

HSLA color values are an extension of HSL color values with an alpha channel -
which specifies the opacity for a color.
An HSLA color value is specified with:
hsla(hue, saturation, lightness, alpha)
The alpha parameter is a number between 0.0 (fully transparent) and 1.0 (not
transparent at all):
Cascading Style Sheet
Styling HTML with CSS

CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets.


CSS describes how HTML elements are to be displayed on screen,
paper, or
in other media.
CSS saves a lot of work. It can control the layout of multiple web pages
all at once.
CSS can be added to HTML elements in 3 ways:
•Inline - by using the style attribute in HTML elements
•Internal - by using a <style> element in the <head> section
•External - by using an external CSS file
CSS Fonts
HTML Lists
Horizontal List with CSS
HTML lists can be styled in many different ways with CSS.
One popular way is to style a list horizontally, to create a navigation menu:

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