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Quantum Computation and Simulation: Christopher Monroe

Quantum computation and simulation have several potential applications that could provide significant advantages over classical computers. These include factoring integers exponentially faster using Shor's algorithm, fast searching of unstructured databases using Grover's algorithm, and simulating quantum systems to model exotic materials and quantum field theories. Leading hardware platforms for building quantum computers include trapped atomic ions, superconducting circuits, and other solid state approaches. While progress is being made, significant engineering challenges remain to scale these platforms to larger sizes needed for practical applications.

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47 views13 pages

Quantum Computation and Simulation: Christopher Monroe

Quantum computation and simulation have several potential applications that could provide significant advantages over classical computers. These include factoring integers exponentially faster using Shor's algorithm, fast searching of unstructured databases using Grover's algorithm, and simulating quantum systems to model exotic materials and quantum field theories. Leading hardware platforms for building quantum computers include trapped atomic ions, superconducting circuits, and other solid state approaches. While progress is being made, significant engineering challenges remain to scale these platforms to larger sizes needed for practical applications.

Uploaded by

hrithik hrithik
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Quantum Computation

and Simulation

Christopher Monroe
Joint Quantum Institute and Department of Physics
NIST and University of Maryland
Computer Science and Information Theory

Charles Babbage (1791-1871)


mechanical difference engine

Alan Turing (1912-1954)


universal computing machines

k
Claude Shannon (1916-2001) H   pi log 2 pi
quantify information: the bit i 1
ENIAC
(1946)
The first solid-state transistor
(Bardeen, Brattain & Shockley, 1947)
Quantum Mechanics and Computing

atom-sized
molecular-sized transistors
transistors

2025 2040

“There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom” (1959)


“When we get to the very, very small world – say circuits of seven
atoms – we have a lot of new things that would happen that
represent completely new opportunities for design.
Atoms on a small scale behave like nothing on a large scale,
Richard Feynman for they satisfy the laws of quantum mechanics…”
Application 1. Quantum Factoring P. Shor (1994)

A quantum computer can factor numbers


exponentially faster than classical computers Importance: cryptanalysis

15 = 3  5 (…easy) public key cryptography relies on


inability to factor large numbers
38647884621009387621432325631 = ?  ?

Application 2: Quantum Search L. Grover (1997)

A quantum computer can finding a marked Importance: “satisfiability” problems


entry in an unsorted database quadratically
faster than classical computers • fast searching of big data
• inverting complex functions
(e.g., given a phone number, finding the • determining the median or other
global properties of data
owner’s name in a phonebook)
• pattern recognition; machine vision
Application 3: Quantum Simulation
Quantum modelling is hard: N quantum systems require 𝜕Ψ
𝑖ℏ = 𝐻Ψ
solution to 2N coupled eqns 𝜕𝑡
Alternative approach: Implement model of interacting system on a quantum
simulator, or “standard” set of qubits with programmable interactions

Atomic ions Trapped atoms Superconductors NV-diamond

Quantum Material Design Understand exotic material properties high-TC


super-
or design new quantum materials from the bottom up
conductor

Energy and Light Harvesting Use quantum simulator to


program QCD lattice gauge theories, test ideas connecting
cosmology to information theory (AdS-CFT etc..)

Quantum Field Theories Program QCD lattice gauge theories, test ideas connecting
cosmology to information theory (AdS-CFT etc..)
Application 4: Quantum Optimization
x2
Minimizing complex (nonlinear) functions by
“simultaneously sampling” entire space
through quantum superposition
Relevant to
• Logistics x1
• Operations Research
• VLSI design
• Finance global minimum
of f (x1,x2 )

Example: quadratic optimization

Minimize 𝑓(𝑥1, 𝑥2, … ) = ෍ 𝑞𝑖𝑗 𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑗 + ෍ 𝑐𝑖 𝑥𝑖 Killer Application?


𝑖<𝑗 𝑖
• could crack a large class of intractable
problems: factoring, “traveling salesman”
this function maps to energy of problem, etc..
quantum magnetic network • BUT not known if there is always a
quantum speedup
Application 5: Quantum Networks

Location A Distance L Location B


(0.1m – 10,000km)

Quantum
Network

Location C
Location D

Uses of a quantum network


• Secret key generation: cryptography
• Certifiable random number generation
• Quantum repeaters (“amplifiers”)
• Distributed quantum entanglement for optimal decision making
• Large-scale quantum computing
Implementation of Quantum Hardware
• quantum materials by design
• complex optimization
control & • “big quantum data”
• quantum computing
configurability

trapped Verification?
ions

superconductors

molecules
NV neutral
Q-dots atoms

# particles
Leading Quantum Computer Hardware Candidates
Trapped Atomic Ions FEATURES & STATE-OF-ART CHALLENGES
• very long (>>1 sec) memory • lasers & optics
lasers
individual photon • 5-20 qubits demonstrated • high vacuum
atoms • atomic qubits all identical • 4K cryogenics
• connections reconfigurable • engineering needed

IARPA Lockheed
Atomic qubits connected through Investments: DoD Honeywell
Sandia UK Gov’t
laser forces on motion or photons

Superconducting Circuits FEATURES & STATE-OF-ART CHALLENGES


• connected with wires • short (10-6 sec) memory
• fast gates • 0.05K cryogenics
• 5-10 qubits demonstrated • all qubits different
• printable circuits and VLSI • not reconfigurable
IARPA Lincoln Labs
Superconducting qubit: LARGE
DoD Intel/Delft
right or left current Investments: Google/UCSB IBM

• NV-Diamond and other solid state “atoms”


Others: still exploratory • Atoms in optical lattices
• Semiconductor gated quantum dots
1947: first transistor 2000: integrated circuit
single module

N ion trap modules

2015: qubit collection Large scale quantum network?

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