Chapter 6

IPv4 Addresses – Part 1

CIS 81 Networking Fundamentals

Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
[email protected]

Spring 2010
This Presentation

 For a copy of this presentation and access to my web site for other
CCNA, CCNP, and Wireless resources please email me for a
username and password.
 Email: [email protected]
 Web Site: www.cabrillo.edu/~rgraziani

2
Note

 This presentation is not in the order of the book or online curriculum.

 This presentation also contains information beyond the curriculum.

3
 Number Systems

CIS 81 and CST 311

Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
Network Math

www.thinkgeek.com
5
 Base 10 (Decimal) Number System
Digits (10): 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Number of:
104 103 102 101 100
10,000’s 1,000’s 100’s 10’s 1’s

1,309 1 3 0 9
99 9 9
100 1 0 0

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 Number System Rules
1. All digits start with 0
2. A Base-n number system has n number of digits:
 Decimal: Base-10 has 10 digits
 Binary: Base-2 has 2 digits
 Hexadecimal: Base-16 has 16 digits
3. The first column is always the number of 1’s

 Each of the following columns is n times the previous

column (n = Base-n)
 Base 10: 10,000 1,000 100 10 1
 Base 2: 16 8 4 2 1
 Base 16: 65,536 4,096 256 16 1
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Digits (2): 0, 1

Number of:
27 ___ ___ ___ 23 22 21 20
128’s 8’s 4’s 2’s 1’s
Dec.
2 1 0
10 1 0 1 0
17
70
130
255

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Digits (2): 0, 1

Number of:
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
128’s 64’s 32’s 16’s 8’s 4’s 2’s 1’s
Dec.
2 1 0
10 1 0 1 0
17 1 0 0 0 1
70 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
130 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
255 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

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Digits (2): 0, 1

Number of:
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
128’s 64’s 32’s 16’s 8’s 4’s 2’s 1’s
Dec.
1 0 0 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
172
192

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Digits (2): 0, 1

Number of:
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
128’s 64’s 32’s 16’s 8’s 4’s 2’s 1’s
Dec.
70 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
40 1 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
128 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
172 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
192 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

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Rick’s Program

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Rick’s Program

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Rick’s Program

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Binary
to/from
Decimal

 Chapter 6 (Book and Curriculum) provides several methods and examples

for doing the conversion between binary and decimal.

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IPv4 Addresses
IPv4 Addresses

 IPv4 addresses are 32 bit addresses

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 IPv4 Addresses
 IPv4 Addresses are 32 bit addresses:

1010100111000111010001011000100

10101001 11000111 01000101 10001001

 We use dotted notation (or dotted decimal notation) to

represent the value of each byte (octet) of the IP address in
decimal.

10101001 11000111 01000101 10001001

169 . 199 . 69 . 137

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IPv4 Addresses
An IP address has two parts:
 network number
 host number

Which bits refer to the network number?

Which bits refer to the host number?

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 IPv4 Addresses
Answer:
 Newer technology - Classless IP Addressing
 The subnet mask determines the network portion and the host
portion.
 Value of first octet does NOT matter (older classful IP addressing)
 Hosts and Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR).
 Classless IP Addressing is what is used within the Internet and in
most internal networks.

 Older technology - Classful IP Addressing (later)

 Value of first octet determines the network portion and the host
portion.
 Used with classful routing protocols like RIPv1.
 The Cisco IP Routing Table is structured in a classful manner (CIS
82)

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Types of
Addresses

Network
Addresses have
all 0’s in the host
portion.

Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0

 Network address - The address by which we refer to the network

 Broadcast address - A special address used to send data to all
hosts in the network
 Host addresses - The addresses assigned to the end devices in the
network 21
Types of
Addresses

Broadcast
Addresses have
all 1’s in the host
portion.

Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0

 Network address - The address by which we refer to the network

 Broadcast address - A special address used to send data to all
hosts in the network
 Host addresses - The addresses assigned to the end devices in the
network 22
Types of
Addresses

Host Addresses
can not have all
0’s or all 1’s in the
host portion.

Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0

 Network address - The address by which we refer to the network

 Broadcast address - A special address used to send data to all
hosts in the network
 Host addresses - The addresses assigned to the end devices in the
network 23
Dividing the Network and Host Portions

11111111111111110000000000000000

 Subnet Mask
 Used to define the:
 Network portion
 Host portion
 32 bits
 Contiguous set of 1’s followed by a contiguous set of 0’s
 1’s: Network portion
 0’s: Host portion

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Dividing the Network and Host Portions

11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000

Dotted decimal: 255 . 255 . 0 . 0

Slash notation: /16

 Expressed as:
 Dotted decimal
 Ex: 255.255.0.0
 Slash notation or prefix length
 /16 (the number of one bits)

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Network
Addresses

Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0

 Network address - The address by which we refer to the network

 All binary 0’s in the host portion of the address (more later)

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Example 1
Network Address: 192.168.1.0
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0

192.168.1.0
Network Host

Network Address in binary:

network host
11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000
Subnet Mask in binary:
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Prefix Length: /24
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Example 2
Network Address: 172.0.0.0
Subnet Mask: 255.0.0.0

172.0.0.0
Network Host

Network Address in binary:

network host
10101100.00000000.00000000.00000000
Subnet Mask in binary:
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
Prefix Length : /8

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Example 3
Network Address: 172.0.0.0
Subnet Mask: 255.255.0.0

172.0.0.0
Network Host

Network Address in binary:

network host
10101100.00000000.00000000.00000000
Subnet Mask in binary:
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
Prefix Length: /16

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Subnet Masks – Your Turn!
Underline the network portion of each address:
Network Address Subnet Mask
172.0.0.0 255.0.0.0
172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0
192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0
192.168.0.0 255.255.0.0
192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0
10.1.1.0 /24
10.2.0.0 /16
10.0.0.0 /16

 What is the other portion of the address?

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Subnet Masks – Your Turn!
Underline the network portion of each address:
Network Address Subnet Mask
172.0.0.0 255.0.0.0
172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0
192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0
192.168.0.0 255.255.0.0
192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0
10.1.1.0 /24
10.2.0.0 /16
10.0.0.0 /16

 What is the other portion of the address?

 Host portion for host addresses

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 Why the mask matters: Number of hosts!

Subnet Mask: 1st octet 2nd octet 3rd octet 4th octet
255.0.0.0 or /8 Network Host Host Host
255.255.0.0 or /16 Network Network Host Host
255.255.255.0 or /24 Network Network Network Host

 The more host bits in the subnet mask means the more hosts in the
network.
 Subnet masks do not have to end on “natural octet boundaries”

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 Subnet: 255.0.0.0 (/8)

Network Host Host Host

8 bits 8 bits 8 bits

With 24 bits available for hosts,
there a 224 possible addresses.
That’s 16,777,216 nodes!

 Only large organizations such as the military, government agencies,

universities, and large corporations have networks with these many
addresses.
 Example: A certain cable modem ISP has 24.0.0.0 and a DSL ISP has
63.0.0.0

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Subnet: 255.255.0.0 (/16)

Network Network Host Host

8 bits 8 bits
With 16 bits available for hosts,
there a 216 possible addresses.
That’s 65,536 nodes!

 65,534 host addresses, one for network address and one for
broadcast address.

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Subnet: 255.255.255.0 (/24)

Network Network Network Host

8 bits
With 8 bits available for hosts,
there a 28 possible addresses.
That’s 256 nodes!

 254 host addresses, one for network address and one for
broadcast address.

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 IP Addresses

There is a tradeoff between:

 The number of network bits and the number of networks (subnets) you
can have…
AND
 The number of HOST bits and the number of hosts for each network
you can have.

This will be examined more closely, later.

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Broadcast
Addresses

 Broadcast address - A special address used to send data to all

hosts in the network
 All binary 1’s in the host portion of the address (more later)

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Subnet Masks – Your Turn!
What is the broadcast address of each network:
Network Address Subnet Mask Broadcast Address
172.0.0.0 255.0.0.0
172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0
192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0
192.168.0.0 255.255.0.0
192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0
10.1.1.0 /24
10.2.0.0 /16
10.0.0.0 /16

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Subnet Masks – Your Turn!
What is the broadcast address of each network:
Network Address Subnet Mask Broadcast Address
172.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 172.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.16.255.255
192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.255
192.168.0.0 255.255.0.0 192.168.255.255
192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.255
10.1.1.0 /24 10.1.1.255
10.2.0.0 /16 10.2.255.255
10.0.0.0 /16 10.0.255.255

39
Bringing it
all together

 Subnet Mask divides Network portion and Host portion:

 1’s: Network portion
 0’s: Host portion
 Network address:
 All 0’s in the host portion of the address
 Broadcast address:
 All 1’s in the host portion of the address
40
 Bringing it all together

 Convert these addresses and masks to Binary (to be used

later)

Network: 172.0.0.0 10101100.00000000.00000000.00000000

Mask: 255.0.0.0 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
172.255.255.255 10101100.11111111.11111111.11111111
Broadcast Address

Network: 172.16.0.0 10101100.00010000.00000000.00000000

Mask: 255.255.0.0 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
172.16.255.255 10101100.00010000.11111111.11111111
Broadcast Address

41
 Bringing it all together
 Convert these addresses and masks to Binary (to be used
later)

Network: 192.168.1.0 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000

Mask: 255.255.255.0 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Bcst: 192.168.1.255 11000000.10101000.00000001.11111111

Network: 192.168.0.0 11000000.10101000.00000000.00000000

Mask: 255.255.0.0 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
Bcst: 192.168.255.255 11000000.10101000.11111111.11111111

Network: 192.168.0.0 11000000.10101000.00000000.00000000

Mask: 255.255.255.0 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Bcst: 192.168.0.255 11000000.10101000.00000000.11111111
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Bringing it all together
 Convert these addresses and masks to Binary (to be
used later)

Network: 10.1.1.0 00001010.00000001.00000001.00000000

Mask: /24 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Bcast: 10.1.1.255 00001010.00000001.00000001.11111111

Network: 10.2.0.0 00001010.00000010.00000000.00000000

Mask: /16 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
Bst:10.2.255.255 00001010.00000010.11111111.11111111

Network 10.0.0.0 00001010.00000000.00000000.00000000

Mask: /16 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
Bcast10.0.255.255 00001010.00000000.11111111.11111111
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Host IP Addresses

192.168.10.100/24

 Host IP Addresses contain:

 Network portion of the address
 Unique combination of 0’s and 1’s in the host portion of the
address
 Cannot be all 0’s (network address)
 Cannot be all 1’s (broadcast address)
 Hosts have subnet masks to determine network portion (later)
44
Range of hosts – Your Turn!
 Host addresses are all addresses between the network
address and the broadcast address.
 What is the range of host addresses for each network?
Network Address Subnet Mask Broadcast Address
172.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 172.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.16.255.255
192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.255
192.168.0.0 255.255.0.0 192.168.255.255
192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.255
10.1.1.0 /24 10.1.1.255
10.2.0.0 /16 10.2.255.255
10.0.0.0 /16 10.0.255.255

45
Range of hosts – Your Turn!
Network Address Subnet Mask Broadcast Address
172.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 172.255.255.255
172.0.0.1 through 172.255.255.254

172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.16.255.255

172.16.0.1 through 172.16.255.254

192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.255

192.168.1.1 through 192.168.1.254

192.168.0.0 255.255.0.0 192.168.255.255

192.168.0.1 through 192.168.255.254

192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.255

192.168.0.1 through 192.168.0.254
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Range of hosts – Your Turn!
Network Address Subnet Mask Broadcast Address

10.1.1.0 /24 10.1.1.255

10.1.1.1 through 10.1.1.254

10.2.0.0 /16 10.2.255.255

10.2.0.1 through 10.2.255.254

10.0.0.0 /16 10.0.255.255

10.0.0.1 through 10.0.255.254

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Range of hosts – Your Turn!
 Host Addresses in binary

172.0.0.0 (net) 10101100.00000000.00000000.00000000

255.0.0.0 (SM) 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
172.0.0.1 10101100.00000000.00000000.00000001
172.255.255.254 10101100.11111111.11111111.11111110
172.255.255.255 10101100.11111111.11111111.11111111
(broadcast)

172.16.0.0 (net) 10101100.00010000.00000000.00000000

255.255.0.0 (SM) 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
172.16.0.1 10101100.00010000.00000000.00000001
172.16.255.254 10101100.00010000.11111111.11111110
172.16.255.255 10101100.00010000.11111111.11111111
(broadcast) 48
Range of hosts – Your Turn!
 Host Addresses in binary

192.168.1.0 (net) 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000

255.255.255.0(SM) 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
192.168.1.1 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000001
192.168.1.254 11000000.10101000.00000001.11111110
192.168.1.255 11000000.10101000.00000001.11111111
(broadcast)

192.168.0.0 (net) 11000000.10101000.00000000.00000000

255.255.0.0 (SM) 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
192.168.0.1 11000000.10101000.00000000.00000001
192.168.255.254 11000000.10101000.11111111.11111110
192.168.255.255 11000000.10101000.11111111.11111111
(broadcast) 49
Range of hosts – Your Turn!
 Host Addresses in binary

192.168.0.0 (net) 11000000.10101000.00000000.00000000

255.255.255.0(SM) 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
192.168.0.1 11000000.10101000.00000000.00000001
192.168.0.254 11000000.10101000.00000000.11111110
192.168.0.255 11000000.10101000.00000000.11111111
(broadcast)

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Range of hosts – The rest…
Host Addresses in binary

10.1.1.0 (net) 00001010.00000001.00000001.00000000

/24 (SM) 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
10.1.1.1 00001010.00000001.00000001.00000001
10.1.1.254 00001010.00000001.00000001.11111110
10.1.1.255 00001010.00000001.00000001.11111111
(broadcast)

10.2.0.0 (net) 00001010.00000010.00000000.00000000

/16 (SM) 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
10.2.0.1 00001010.00000010.00000000.00000001
10.2.255.254 00001010.00000010.11111111.11111110
10.2.255.255 00001010.00000010.11111111.11111111
(broadcast) 51
Range of hosts – The rest…
• Host Addresses in binary

10.0.0.0 (net) 00001010.00000000.00000000.00000000

/16 (SM) 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
10.0.0.1 00001010.00000000.00000000.00000001
10.0.255.254 00001010.00000000.11111111.11111110
10.0.255.255 00001010.00000000.11111111.11111111
(broadcast)

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Subnet Masks: Non-Natural Boundaries
 Subnet masks do not have to end on natural octet
boundaries
 Convert these to binary:

Network Address Subnet Mask

172.1.16.0 255.255.240.0

192.168.1.0 255.255.255.224

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Subnet Masks: Non-Natural Boundaries
 Subnet masks do not have to end on natural octet
boundaries

172.1.16.0 10101100.00000001.00010000.00000000
255.255.240.0 11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000

 What is the range of host addresses in dotted-decimal

and binary?
 What is the broadcast address?
 How many host addresses?

54
Subnet Masks: Non-Natural Boundaries
 Subnet masks do not have to end on natural octet
boundaries
172.1.16.0 10101100.00000001.00010000.00000000
255.255.240.0 11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000

172.1.16.1 10101100.00000001.00010000.00000001
172.1.16.2 10101100.00000001.00010000.00000010
172.1.16.3 10101100.00000001.00010000.00000011
…
172.1.16.255 10101100.00000001.00010000.11111111
172.1.17.0 10101100.00000001.00010001.00000000
172.1.17.1 10101100.00000001.00010001.00000001
…
172.1.31.254 10101100.00000001.00011111.11111110
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Subnet Masks: Non-Natural Boundaries
 Subnet masks do not have to end on natural octet
boundaries
172.1.16.0 10101100.00000001.00010000.00000000
255.255.240.0 11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000

172.1.16.1 10101100.00000001.00010000.00000001
…
172.1.31.254 10101100.00000001.00011111.11111110

172.1.31.255 10101100.00000001.00011111.11111111
(broadcast)

Number of hosts: 212 – 2 = 4,096 – 2 = 4,094 hosts

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Subnet Masks: Non-Natural Boundaries
 Subnet masks do not have to end on natural octet
boundaries

192.168.1.0 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000
255.255.255.224 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000

192.168.1.1 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000001
192.168.1.2 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000010
192.168.1.3 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000011
…
192.168.1.29 11000000.10101000.00000001.00011101
192.168.1.30 11000000.10101000.00000001.00011110

192.168.1.31 11000000.10101000.00000001.00011111
(broadcast)
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Subnet Masks: Non-Natural Boundaries
 Subnet masks do not have to end on natural octet
boundaries

192.168.1.0 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000
255.255.255.224 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000

192.168.1.1 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000001
…
192.168.1.30 11000000.10101000.00000001.00011110

192.168.1.31 11000000.10101000.00000001.00011111
(broadcast)

Number of hosts: 25 – 2 = 32 – 2 = 30 hosts

58
Chapter 6
IPv4 Addresses – Part 1

CIS 81 Networking Fundamentals

Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
[email protected]