Gender Chuchuness

CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES
IN GENDER AND
SEXUALITY
LESSON 25: Gender and

Labor
Lesson Objectives:
1. Understand fully the relationship of

gender, gender equality and labor;
2. Determine the status of gender equality
in the various sectors of the labor
market; and
3. Comprehend salient policies on gender
equality in the market.
Introduction
• Women face different constrains from men in the labor
market. This is recognized in Republic Act 9710,
known as the Magna Carta of Women, enacted in
2009.
• This act recognizes that equality of men and women
entails the abolition of the unequal structures and
practices that discrimination and inequality (PCW
2010). In connection with employment, the Philippine
commission on Women (PCW) indicates that the
Magna Carta of women will level the playing field by
making productive resources and economic
opportunities equally for both men or women.
Introduction
• The reality is that once a child is born, she/he does not
know how to do any work.
• As children grow up, they learn to do various work, but
society encourages them do certain specific work, e.g.
girls are asked to help in cooking and cleaning, while
boys are asked repair certain things. This distribution is
based on sex, and not on individual capacity or skills
sets.
• This affects girls and women adversely. Since girls are
expected to take care of the family and household, their
education is not a priority for the family.
• Both boys and girls should be given equal opportunity to
learn different skills sets based on their interest and to
grow. Household chores are not only women’s
responsibility, it is also household’s responsibility, and all
family members should contribute to it.
Employment Sectors
Agriculture
- Women farmers do not have an equal opportunity to acquire land or
register it in their own names. They have fewer inheritance rights than
male farmers. Land ownership is important not only to women’s ability
to earn income, but also as a source of empowerment and autonomy
within the household. Their lack of land also affects their ability to gain
access to credit facilities.
Industry and Manufacturing
- The number of women working in economic zones is estimated to
represent 64% of total employment and may be much higher is some
industries, such as electronics and apparel (World Bank 2011a).
Women’s share of employment in the export-processing zones is
much greater than women’s share of the labor force as a whole, and
the conditions of employment are of concern.
- Reports suggest that working and living conditions are poor, that
women find it difficult to obtain work while pregnant and after the
birth of their baby, and that unionization is uncommon.
Tourism
- It appears that tourism planning has not included women or has had
insufficient regard for gender issues. Within the tourism industry,
relatively few women have the educational qualifications or foreign
language skills to compare for front-of-house positions in the hotel
industry, as tour guides, or in travels agencies, and women are more
likely to be employed as housekeepers, waitresses, or similar low-level
positions.
- Targeted educational programs could provide women with the

necessary qualifications to climb the job ladder, which could
progressively help to rectify the imbalance between work
opportunities for men and women and eliminate gender gaps in
tourism employment.
Business Processing Outsourcing
- The philippine’s Information Technology-Business Process Outsourcing
Road Map 2011-2016 is not gender-responsive and does not address
women’s constrains in accessing higher-paid work in non-voice
services or the likely growth in information technology and
engineering.
- These matters, as well as the pay differentials between men and

women and employment conditions, require specific government
attention.
Business Processing Outsourcing
- The philippine’s Information Technology-Business Process Outsourcing
Road Map 2011-2016 is not gender-responsive and does not address
women’s constrains in accessing higher-paid work in non-voice
services or the likely growth in information technology and
engineering.
- These matters, as well as the pay differentials between men and

women and employment conditions, require specific government
attention.
Government Services
- Public sector employment is an important source of jobs with the
better pay and conditions for women than many other industrial
sectors, but women are constrained by being predominately
employed in traditional, gender-stereotyped care sector government
occupation such as health and education, and they are under-
represented in the higher-paying subsectors.
- The Philippines has strong gender mainstreaming programs, which

has given women greater access to government employment
generally, but women in the civil sector may still be underpaid, given
their levels of education, experience, and ability.
Entrepreneurship
- There has been a rapid surge in the number and proportion of female
entrepreneurs in developing countries (Minniti and Naude 2010,28o).
Studies indicate that female-led MSMEs increase employment
opportunities for women and contribute to wider development goals
(ADB and ILO 2013a). One survey indicated that women entrepreneurs
are more likely than men to be motivated by necessity; these are
livelihood-oriented entrepreneurs attempting to escape unemployment
(Viet Nam Women Entrepreneurs Council 2007).
Salient Policies on Gender Equality in
the Labor Market
- The Philippines has ratified 34n ILO conventions and is party to all the
fundamental United Nations Human Rights covenants and conventions.
The country’s 1987 Constitution has enshrined these rights in Section 3,
Article XIII (Bill of Rights), and in Section 14, Article II, which ensures
fundamental equality of women and men before the law.
- Article 3, Chapter 1 of the Labor Code, as well as Republic Acts 6725,
7192, 7877, and 8551, all provide for fundamental human rights
protection, including antidiscrimination provisions, and they ensure
fundamental equality, prohibition of sexual harassment, and
temporary special measures. The Philippines’ Anti-Sexual Harassment
Act No. 7877 of 8 February 1995 is an example of good legislative
practice.
- The Magna Carta of Women (Republic Act 9710) is an overall

legislative framework that articulates the specific rights, needs, and
support required by women in their general and working lives.
Although the Magna Carta of Women provides a good legislative
framework, implementation issues remain. Filipino women often do
not know about their rights, and the complaints system is confusing
even if they do.
- In 2012, the Philippines became the first country in Asia to ratify the
ILO Domestic Workers Convention, 2011 (No. 189). In early 2013,
Presidents Aquino also signed a new law, Republic Act 10361 known
as the “Batas Kasambahay” (Domestic Workers Act) in order to
better protect this large group of mostly young, female workers
Thank You
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Gender Chuchuness

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CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES

LESSON 25: Gender and

1. Understand fully the relationship of

- Targeted educational programs could provide women with the

- These matters, as well as the pay differentials between men and

- These matters, as well as the pay differentials between men and

- The Philippines has strong gender mainstreaming programs, which

- The Magna Carta of Women (Republic Act 9710) is an overall

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