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Power System Analysis/ Power System 1 EEE 4113/ EEE 3131

The document provides an overview of protective relays. It defines a protective relay as a device that detects faults and operates the circuit breaker to isolate defective elements. The working principle involves using a current transformer to sense current and trigger the tripping circuit if faults are detected. Fundamental requirements of protective relays include selectivity, speed, sensitivity, reliability, simplicity, and economy. Different types of protective relays are discussed, including induction overcurrent relays, distance or impedance relays, and differential relays.

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95 views10 pages

Power System Analysis/ Power System 1 EEE 4113/ EEE 3131

The document provides an overview of protective relays. It defines a protective relay as a device that detects faults and operates the circuit breaker to isolate defective elements. The working principle involves using a current transformer to sense current and trigger the tripping circuit if faults are detected. Fundamental requirements of protective relays include selectivity, speed, sensitivity, reliability, simplicity, and economy. Different types of protective relays are discussed, including induction overcurrent relays, distance or impedance relays, and differential relays.

Uploaded by

morning star
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Power System Analysis/ Power

System 1
EEE 4113/ EEE 3131

Protective Relay
Lecture taken By
Kazi Md. Shahiduzzaman
Lecturer, EEE, NUB
Outline of this chapter
 To Define the protective relay
 The working principle of protective relay
 The fundamental requirements of
protective relay
 Get a Brief knowledge about different
types of protective relay
Protective Relay
Definition:
A protective relay is a device that detects the
fault and initiates the operation of the circuit
breaker to isolate the defective element from
the rest of the system.
Working Principle:
A typical relay circuit is shown
in the diagram. This diagram
shows one phase of 3-phase
system for simplicity. The relay
circuit connections can be
divided into three parts viz.
(i) First part is the primary
winding of a current
transformer(C.T.)
(ii) Second part consists of
secondary winding of C.T.
and
(iii) Third part is the tripping
circuit which may be either
a.c.
Fundamental requirements
 Selectivity: It is the ability of the protective system to
select correctly that part of the system in trouble and
disconnect the faulty part without disturbing the rest of the
system.
 Speed
 Sensitivity: It is the ability of the relay system to operate
with low value of actuating quantity.
 Reliability: It is the ability of the relay system to operate
under the pre-determined conditions.
 Simplicity: The relaying system should be simple so that it
can be easily maintained.
 Economy: The most important factor in the choice of a
particular protection scheme is the economic aspect.
Induction type overcurrent relay
Construction : To trip circuit

 It consists of a metallic
(aluminum) disc
 The upper electromagnet has a
primary and a secondary
winding.
 The tappings are connected to a
plug-setting bridge.
 The secondary winding is
energized by induction from
primary and is connected in
series with the winding on the
lower magnet.
 The controlling torque is
provided by a spiral spring.
 The spindle of the disc carries a
moving contact which bridges
two fixed contacts (connected
to trip circuit) when the disc From C.T.
rotates through a pre-set angle.
Operation:
 The driving torque is set up
due to the induction principle . To trip circuit
 This torque is opposed by the
restraining torque provided by
the spring.
 Under normal operating
conditions, the aluminum disc
remains stationary.
 If the current in the protected
circuit exceeds the pre-set
value, the driving torque
becomes greater than the
restraining torque.
 The disc rotates and the
moving contact bridges the
fixed contacts when the disc
has rotated through a pre-set
angle.
 The trip circuit operates the
circuit breaker which isolates
the faulty section.
From C.T.
Distance or Impedance Relay
This type of relay in which the operation is
governed by the ratio of applied voltage to
current in the protected circuit.
 The relay will operate when the ratio V/I is less
than a predetermined value.
 The basic principle of operation of an
impedance relay is illustrated by the figure.
 The voltage element of the relay is excited
through a potential transformer (P.T.) from the
line to be protected.
 The current element of the relay is excited
from a current transformer (C.T.) in series
with the line.
 The portion AB of the line is the protected zone.
 Under normal operating conditions, the
impedance of the protected zone is ZL.
 The relay is so designed that it closes its
Type:
contacts whenever impedance of the There are two types of distance
protected section falls below the pre- relays in use for the protection of power
determined value i.e. ZL in this case.
 Now suppose a fault occurs at point F1 in the
supply, namely ;
protected zone. The impedance Z (= *V/I) (i) Definite-distance relay
between the point where the relay is installed
and the point of fault will be less than ZL and (ii) Time-distance relay
hence the relay operates.
Differential relay
A differential relay is one that
operates when the phasor
difference of two or more
similar electrical quantities
exceeds a predetermined
value.
 Under normal operating
conditions, the two currents
are equal.
 But as soon as a fault occurs,
this condition no longer
applies. There are two fundamental systems of
 If this differential current is differential or balanced protection:
equal to or greater than the (i) Current balance protection
pickup value, the relay will (ii) Voltage balance protection
operate and open the circuit
breaker to isolate the faulty
section.
Thank you

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