• The building industry is one of the largest sectors in creating monetary values and jobs

and has a great impact on the economy and society.

• However, the building industry consumes large amounts of natural resources and its
adverse environmental impacts are also widely concerned.
• According to the World Business Council for Sustainable Development, building block
production accounts for about 40% of total energy consumption.
• As a consequence, the control of environmental impacts for the building sector has
become a major issue.
Global Concerns
Environmental Pollution

Greenhouse gas emission

Energy Consumption
Challenge for 21st Century
 Preserving the earth’s natural environment.

 Green buildings

 According to US Environmental Protection Agency

Green building is the practice of creating structures and using processes that
are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle.

The aim of a green building design is

to minimize the demand on non-renewable resources and maximize the utilization of
renewable resources.
What Makes a Building Green? USE LESS
NATURAL
RESOURCES
&MATERIALS
Consumption is limited to about 80-100
watts per sqm.
MAXIMISE
 According to estimates by TERI (Tata MITIGATE
THE USE OF
Energy Research Institute) CLIMATE
RENEWABLE
CHANGE
India could save more than 8400 MW of RESOURCES
GREEN
power which is enough to light 5.5 lakh BUILDING
homes a year.

CONSUME CREATES
LESS ENERGY LESS WASTE
A green building has four main elements on which it is designed:
1)materials,
2)energy,
3)water and
4)health.
Green Building Concept
We should look after the following:
• Minimal disturbance to landscapes and site condition.
• Use of non-toxic and recycled / recyclable material.
• Efficient use of water and water recycling.
• Use of energy efficient and eco-friendly equipments.
• Use of renewable energy.
• Quality of indoor air quality for human safety and comfort.

Renewable energy plays an important role in achieving green buildings or zero energy
buildings by reducing fuel consumption and pollution emissions.
Materials for Green Buildings
Natural,
Renewable
Sources

Refurbished/ Ability to be
Remanufactu reused/recycl
red ed
MATERIALS
ASSESSMENT

Obtained
locally or Durability
regionally
Contribution of Concrete towards Green House Gases

• Emission of CO2 is largely attributable to cement production.

• Cements contain on an average of about 84% Portland cement clinker and the clinker
manufacturing process releases about 0.9 ton of CO2 per ton of clinker.
• The Concrete Industry World wide consume more than 3.5 billon tons of cement.
This can be done through following approaches:
• Use smart concrete mixture or i-crete as proportioning approach to save on cement in
concrete mix.
• Consume less Cement in concrete / mortar mixtures.
• Consume less Clinker in Cement making by adding Pozzolana like fly ash or GGBFS in
Cement or Concrete.
Alternative building materials for green
construction
• Straw Bale • Earthen Materials • Slate/ Stone • Natural Clay
• Grasscrete • Wood Roofing • Non- VOC
• Steel paints
• Hempcrete • Bamboo
• Thatch • Natural Fiber
• Bamboo • SIPs • Composites Floor
• Recycled Plastic • Insulated Concrete Forms • Natural Fiber • Fiber Cement
• Wood • Cordwood • Polyurethane • Stone
• Fiber Glass • Ferrock
• Rammed Earth • Straw Bale
• Cellulose • Timbercrete
• Mycelium • Earth Bags • Cork
Energy Systems in Green Buildings
Passive Solar
Design

High levels of
insulation & Energy Use of low
energy
efficient consumption
windows System appliances

Renewable
Energy
Technologies
Passive Solar Design
• Passive solar design uses sunshine to heat, cool and light homes and other buildings
without mechanical or electrical devices.
• It is usually part of the design of the building itself, using certain materials and
placement of windows or skylights.
Rules Of Passive Solar Systems
• The building should be elongated on an east-west axis.
• The building’s south face should receive sunlight between the hours of 9:00 A.M. and
3:00 P.M. (sun time) during the heating season.
• Interior spaces requiring the most light and heating and cooling should be along the
south face of the building.
• Less used spaces should be located on the north.
Five Elements of Passive Solar Home Design
Aperture (Collector)
• The large glass (window) area through which sunlight enters the building.
• Typically, the aperture(s) should face within 30 degrees of true south and should not be
shaded by other buildings or trees from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. each day during the heating
season.
Absorber
• The hard, darkened surface of the storage element.
• This surface—which could be that of a masonry wall, floor, or partition (phase change
material), or that of a water container—sits in the direct path of sunlight.
• Sunlight hits the surface and is absorbed as heat.
Thermal mass
• The materials that retain or store the heat produced by sunlight.
• commonly concrete, brick, stone, and tile -- absorbs heat from sunlight during the
heating season and absorbs heat from warm air in the house during the cooling season.
Distribution
• The method by which solar heat circulates from the collection and storage points to
different areas of the house.
• A strictly passive design will use the three natural heat transfer modes — conduction,
convection, and radiation—exclusively.
• In some applications, however, fans, ducts, and blowers may help with the distribution
of heat through the house.
Control
• Roof overhangs can be used
to shade the aperture area
during summer months.
• Other elements that control
under- and/or overheating
include electronic sensing
devices, such as a differential
thermostat that signals a fan
to turn on; operable vents
and dampers that allow or
restrict heat flow.
Advantages of Passive Solar Design
• Free heat in the winter and less heat in the summer
• Reduced need for expensive mechanical systems
• Improved insulation with reduced drafts and cold rooms
• Decreased wear and tear on the HVAC system
• Additional natural lighting to the home
• Lower monthly energy bill
Water Management in Green Building
Rainwater
catchment
systems

Water
Management
System
Installing Water
Greywater efficient
System appliances
There are two main techniques of rainwater
harvestings.
• Storage of rainwater on surface for future use.
• Recharge to groundwater by pits, trenches,
dugwells, handpumps etc.

Installing greywater system

A greywater system is used to take water that has
already been used from places like your laundry,
shower and sink and divert it to use in another
purpose like watering gardens or landscaping
instead of flushing it down into the sewer.
Health Components of Green Building
• Using non-toxic materials and products
will improve indoor air quality, and
reduce the rate of asthma, allergy and
sick building syndrome.
Minimal
Chemical • Example of low/no VOC paints :
Emissions GS-11 Paints and Coatings
GS-43 Recycled Content Latex Paints
Indoor Air
Quality

Low or no
Moisture
VOC
resistant
content
Plan & Elevation of Case Study

Plan of 1038 Sq.ft. area East Elevation

Analysis
We can design the model to simulate the details in different configurations depending
upon the owners budget, aesthetic preferences & performance requirements.
Solar path analysis, shading design, climate analysis is carried out using AUTODESK
ECOTECT analysis.
The Solar Path tool enables us to know the path of sun of a particular place throughout the
year and the building’s response towards it.
 • Fig. shows Incident of solar ray on the
building different times of the day.

. Fig. shows the Solar path throughout the year.

Figure shows the Annual Solar Expousre
of the place.
Yellow – Maximum intensity of solar
radiation
Blue – Minimum intensity of solar
radiation.

We calculate the solar azimuth and

elevation angle various dates and times
during this period and the overhang is
sized via simple geometry as shown in the
figure.
The length of the south overhang required
to shade the window in the desired period
is calculated to be 840mm.
Total energy consumption of the building can be found out from Revit thus enabling us to
calculate the energy use intensity of the building from which we can determine the
building is a ZEB or not.

Analysis model with 4 wind turbines and a solar &

roof mounted PV system of medium efficiency are
installed.

Items Energy generated

Roof Mounted PV system (Low efficiency) 7,152 kWh/yr
Roof Mounted PV system (Medium 14,305 kWh/yr
efficiency)
Roof Mounted PV system (High 21,457 kWh/yr
efficiency)
Single 15’ Wind Turbine Potential 875 kWh/yr
From the output of REVIT, we have
• The electric consumption of the building = 14227 KWh/yr.
• Total fuel consumption = 146 Therm
• Converting this value into KWh/yr. = 146 × 29.3 = 4277.8 KWh/yr.
• So the total energy being used in the building = 14227 + 4277.8 = 18504.8 KWh/yr.
• As the EUI value is expressed in KBtu/gsf (Btu = British thermal unit, gsf = Gross square
feet area)
• Converting 18504.8 KWh/yr. into KBtu, we get 63138.37 KBtu. (1 KWh/yr. = 3.412 KBtu)
• The EUI = 𝟔𝟑𝟏𝟑𝟖.𝟑𝟕 𝐊𝐁𝐭𝐮/𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟖 𝐠𝐬𝐟 = 60.82 KBtu/gsf
The total renewable energy can be found out from the output of solar panel and the wind
turbine from the report.
• Output of solar panels of medium efficiency = 14305 KWh/yr.
• A single 1 KW rated wind turbine produces 875 KWh energy per year.
• As we have used 4 roof top wind turbines, the total output = 4 × 875 = 3500 KWh/yr.
• So the total renewable energy consumption = 14305+3500 = 17805 KWh/yr which is
equal to 60750.66 KBtu.
• The renewable energy intensity = 𝟔𝟎𝟕𝟓𝟎.𝟔𝟔 𝐊𝐁𝐭𝐮/𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟖 𝐠𝐬𝐟 = 58.53 KBtu/ gsf
Total energy consumption = Energy Use Intensity [EUI] – Renewable energy intensity

For a zero energy building the total energy consumption is nearly equal to zero.
Cost Analysis
Estimated the cost of building using the software QUANTITY TAKE OFF and compared with
that of a conventional building.
The Quantity Take Off software conveniently imports the REVIT file and calculate the units
of each element of the building, from which we can easily calculate the cost of whole
building.
Despite being a costly technique, not only it protects the environment but also saves the
most valuable energies. Thus making it worthy of the investment.
Materials Replaced in Green Building
Sr. No. Item Conventional Material Green Material
1 Windows and Openings Aluminium Panelled Plain Insulated Glass (IG Units)
Glasses
2 Lighting Fixtures Tube Lights & CFLs Low Watt LED Tube Lights
& Bulbs
3 Plumbing Fixtures Conventional Fixtures Special Green Fixtures
4 Flooring Vitrified & Glazed Tiles PVC Flooring, Glazed Tiles
and China Mosaic and China Mosaic
5 Doors Pine wood Engineering Wood
6 Paints Plastic VOC Plastic Non VOC
7 Bricks Clay Bricks Flyash Bricks
8 Cement OPC PPC
9 Installation of Rain Water Not Provided Provided
Harvesting System
Cost Comparision
Sr.No. Item Name Cost in Cost in Green Home Difference(`)
Conventional Home (`)
(`)
1 Windows and 1,30,800 2,07,350 76,550
Openings
2 Lighting Fixtures 12,800 46,150 33,350
3 Plumbing Fixtures 44,885 1,08,300 63,415
4 Flooring 2,28,540 2,84,295 55,755
5 Doors 69,830 1,62,510 92,680
6 Paints 1,56,380 1,58,880 2,500
7 Bricks 50,175 30,105 -20,070
8 Cement 9,66,000 9,83,250 17,250
9 Rain water 0 80,700 80,700
harvesting system
Total 16,59,410 20,61,540 4,02,103
Green Building Assessment
Green building assessment methods promotes the development & assess the performance
of green buildings.
Rating systems aim is to create projects that are environmentally responsible and use
resources efficiently throughout the project lifecycle.

Rating Tools
Rating Tools
in India

LEED GRIHA

BREEAM IGBC

CASBEE
Green Building in India Water
efficiency
• India, being one of the fastest
evolving country is now leading in
green building movement Materials
Energy and
worldwide. and atmosphere
resources
Assessment
• Figure depicts the assessment Categories
categories and the feature it
should consider for a building in
order to be a green building.
Indoor Sustainable
environmental
quality sites
BUILDING RATING TYPE OF STANDARD MANAGING ISSUES/AREAS OF FOCUS
OR CERTIFICATION OR CERTIFICATION ORGANISATION
SYSTEM

Building Research Certification system BRE Global Assessment uses

Establishment is a multi-tiered recognized measures of performance, which
Environmental process with pre- are set against established benchmarks in:
Assessment assessment, third- 1. Energy and water use.
Method(BREEAM) party consultant 2. Internal environment(health and well-being).
(UK) guidance through an 3. Pollution.
assessment 4. Transport.
organization for: 5. Materials.
1. New construction. 6. Waste.
2. Communities. 7. Ecology.
3. In-use buildings. 8. Management processes.
4. Eco-homes.
BUILDING RATING TYPE OF STANDARD MANAGING ISSUES/AREAS OF FOCUS
OR CERTIFICATION OR CERTIFICATION ORGANISATION
SYSTEM

Comprehensive Building JSBC Assessment areas include:

Assessment System assessment tools for (Japan Sustainable 1. Energy efficiency.
for Built 1. Pre-design. Building Consortium) 2. Resource efficiency.
Environment 2. New construction. and affiliated sub- 3. Local environment.
Efficiency (CASBEE) 3. Existing building. committees 4. Indoor environment.
(Japan) 4. Renovation.
BUILDING RATING TYPE OF STANDARD OR MANAGING ISSUES/AREAS OF FOCUS
OR CERTIFICATION CERTIFICATION ORGANISATION
SYSTEM

Leadership in Energy Green building rating and U.S. Green Building Performance in: Sustainable sites.
and Environmental certification system through Council 1. Water efficiency.
Design (LEED) (USA) independent third-party 2. Energy & atmosphere.
verification for: 3. Materials & resources.
1. New Construction (NC). 4. Indoor environmental quality.
2. Existing Buildings, 5. Locations & linkages.
Operations & Maintenance 6. Awareness & education.
(EB O&M). 7. Innovation in design.
3. Commercial Interiors (CI). 8. Regional priority through a set of
4.Core & Shell (CS). prerequisites and credits.
5. Schools (SCH).
6. Retail.
7. Healthcare (HC).
8. Homes.
9.Neighborhood
Development (ND).
BUILDING RATING OR MANAGING ORGANISATION ISSUES/AREAS OF FOCUS
CERTIFICATION SYSTEM

Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Jointly developed by TERI and the GRIHA rating system consists of 34
Assessment (GRIHA) Ministry of New and Renewable criteria categorized in four different
Energy, Government of India. sections.
( 1) Site selection and site planning.
(2) Conservation and efficient
utilization of resources.
(3) Building operation and
maintenance.
(4) Innovation.
 GRIHA RATING
GRIHA is a 100-point system consisting of some core points, which are mandatory, while
the rest are optional.
Different levels of certification (one star to five stars) are awarded based on the number of
points earned.
BUILDING RATING OR MANAGING ISSUES/AREAS OF FOCUS
CERTIFICATION SYSTEM ORGANISATION

Indian Green Building Confederation of Indian IGBC Green New Buildings rating system® addresses green
Council (IGBC) Industry (CII) features under the following categories:
1. Sustainable Architecture and Design
2. Site Selection and Planning
3. Water Conservation
4. Energy Efficiency
5. Building Materials and Resources
6. Indoor Environmental Quality
7. Innovation and Development
 IGBC RATING
The threshold criteria for certification/pre-certification levels are as under:

Certification Level Recognition

Certified Best Practices
Silver Outstanding Performance
Gold National Excellence
Platinum Global Leadership
Headquarters Building for Unique Identification
Authority of India (UIDAI)
Received a 5 star GRIHA rating in 2018.
Sustainable Site Planning:
• Top soil was preserved and re-applied in landscape and a part of it was donated to
nursery for appropriate use.
• Air pollution control measures such as site barricading, coverage of dusty material,
wheel washing and water sprinkling were implemented during construction.
Water Management:
• Reduction of more than 40% from the GRIHA base case has been demonstrated in
landscape water demand through use of highly efficient drip irrigation system.
• Reduction of 54% from the GRIHA base case has been demonstrated in building water
use by installing water efficient flush and flow fixtures.
• 100% storm water is being recharged into the ground through rain water recharge
system.
Energy Optimization:
• High efficacy lamps are installed for exterior lighting which is operated by timer
controller.
• EPI reduction of 62.2% from GRIHA benchmark has been demonstrated.
• 75% of the habitable spaces are day lit and meet the daylight factors prescribed by the
National Building Code of India.
• 100 kWp solar PV panels have been installed on site.

Sustainable Building Materials:

• Fly-ash bricks and AAC blocks have been used in the project to reduce embodied energy
of the building.
• Pozzolana Portland Cement with 34.4% fly-ash content by weight has been used in
plaster and masonry mortar.
• Use of low energy flooring, false ceiling and paneling has been demonstrated.
Punjab National Bank Head Office, New Delhi
Received a 5 star GRIHA rating in 2017.
Sustainable Site Planning:
• Excavated fertile top soil was preserved, appropriately stabilized and mulched on site,
and later re-applied for landscape.
• Barricading of site was done to prevent air pollution.

Water Management:
• Use of highly efficient drip irrigation and sprinkler system.
• By installing water efficient flush and flow fixtures.
• Construction water consumption was reduced by use of wet hessian cloths for curing of
columns and ponding technique for curing of slabs.
Energy Optimization:
• 76.6% of the habitable spaces are day lit and meet the daylight factors prescribed by the
National Building Code of India.
• High efficacy lamps are installed for exterior lighting which is operated by timer
controller.
• EPI reduction of 58.2% from GRIHA benchmark has been demonstrated.
Renewable Energy Technology Integration:
• The project has installed solar PV panels of 202 kWp capacity.
• The capacity of installed solar panels is capable to handle 47.68% of internal lighting
consumption.
Sustainable Building Materials:
• Pozzolana Portland Cement with 32% fly-ash content by weight has been used in plaster
and masonry mortar.
• Use of low energy flooring, false ceiling and paneling has been demonstrated.
• Materials with recycled content such as fly ash bricks have been used for block work.
• All paints, adhesives and sealants used in the project have low VOC content.
 Suzlon One Earth, Pune
• Built by Charles Benninger, a Pune based
Architect
• Received a platinum rating from LEED in 2010.
• Campus fully based on renewable resources,
both onsite and offsite.
• The campus has installed 18 wind turbines
contributing to 7% of the required energy. Rest
are fulfilled with offset wind turbines.
• Built to ensure maximum exposure to daylight,
thereby reducing uses of artificial lightings.
• It is the first place in India to be LEED Certified.
 CII- Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre,
Hyderabad
• Made from recycled materials.
• Not a single waste material is thrown out of the
campus and is rather recycled within.
• Perforated walls to ensure proper ventilation and
light entering inside the building.
• Roof garden prevents heat entering the building.
• Use of dimmers and occupancy sensors reduces
the unnecessary use of lights.
 Infosys Limited,Pocharam
• Apart from being LEED Platinum rated campus,
received UK’s Ashden Award, which is also known
as “Green Oscar”.
• Installed windows and white painted roofs.
• Uses radiant cooling technology in which cold
water is pumped through pipes that are
strategically embedded in concrete.
• Energy efficient lightings, uses of solar panels,
HVAC (Heat , Ventilation and Air Conditioning) are
some of the key features.
• Re-usability of water is done by using it for
irrigation purpose inside the campus.
 Indira Paryavaran Bhawan
• India’s highest green rated building after
receiving GRIHA 5 Star and LEED Platinum.
• Producing energy from on-site installed
high efficiency solar panels to achieve net
zero criteria.
• It uses 70% less energy compared a
conventional building.
• Concepts includes conservation and
optimization of water by recycling waste
water from the site.
 Centre for Environmental Science &
Engineering Building,IIT Kanpur
• Optimum orientation and architectural
design for appropriate wall and roof
construction
• adoption of solar passive measures
after studying the sun path analysis to
provide shading devices for windows
and roof.
• Achieving thermal comfort in non air
conditioned spaces to reduce the
annual energy consumption.
• Utilization of renewable form of energy
through building integrated Photovoltaic
panels.
Some other examples of LEED rated building in India.

Sr. Green Buildings Rating received

No.
1 ABN Amro Bank N.V., Ahmedabad LEED ‘Platinum’ rated
2 American Embassy School, Delhi LEED ‘Gold’ rated
3 Anna Centenary Library Building, Chennai LEED ‘Gold’ rated
4 Biodiversity Conservation India Ltd (BCIL) – Bangalore LEED ‘Platinum’ rated
5 Birla International School, Jaipur LEED ‘Gold’ rated
6 ITC Green Centre – Gurgaon LEED ‘Platinum’ rated
7 Olympia Technology Park – Chennai LEED ‘Gold’ rated
8 Rajiv Gandhi International Airport – Hyderabad LEED ‘Silver’ rated