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Electrical Machine Design: Magnetic Circuit Calculation

The document discusses magnetic circuit calculations for electrical machines. It covers determining excitation (mmf) and flux or flux density. It describes how leakage flux and slotting affect calculations. Methods are provided for calculating mmf for different parts of the magnetic circuit including the air gap, core, teeth, poles, and yoke. Real and apparent flux densities are distinguished. The document also discusses calculating magnetic pull and temperature rise in electromagnets.

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100% found this document useful (1 vote)
436 views31 pages

Electrical Machine Design: Magnetic Circuit Calculation

The document discusses magnetic circuit calculations for electrical machines. It covers determining excitation (mmf) and flux or flux density. It describes how leakage flux and slotting affect calculations. Methods are provided for calculating mmf for different parts of the magnetic circuit including the air gap, core, teeth, poles, and yoke. Real and apparent flux densities are distinguished. The document also discusses calculating magnetic pull and temperature rise in electromagnets.

Uploaded by

maria
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electrical Machine Design

Magnetic circuit calculation


Magnetic circuit calculations

 Magnetic circuit calculations involve two types of problems.

 Determine the excitation (mmf)

 Determine flux or flux density

 There is no direct analytical solution for magnetic


calculation because of the non-linear B-H characteristic of
the magnetic material.
Magnetic circuit calculations
• Leakage Flux
• In Magnetic Circuit Calculations, most of the flux is pass
through the magnetic cores but a small amount of flux
leaks through the surrounding air - is called the leakage flux.
Calculation of MMF
Calculation of MMF
• The total mmf required to establish magnetization in the
magnetic circuit.

• The calculation of total mmf involves the knowledge of


dimension of the magnetic circuit.

• The magnetic circuit is split in to two convenient parts


which may be connected in series or parallel.

• The flux density is calculated in every part and mmf per unit
length is found by B-H curve of the concern material.
Calculation of MMF
• The parts of magnetic circuits are:

• 1. Air gap

• 2. Core: Stator core and rotor core

• 3. Teeth: Stator teeth and rotor teeth

• 4. Pole : In case of dc machine & salient pole synchronous


m/c

• 5. Yoke: In case of dc machine


Calculation of MMF
• MMF for Air-Gap

• The iron surfaces around the air gap are not smooth due to
the air gap may be slotted

• so the calculation of mmf by ordinary methods give wrong


results.

• These problems are solved with special techniques.


Calculation of MMF
• Let
Calculation of MMF
• Consider the iron surfaces on the two sides of the air gap to be
smooth and the gap length to be uniform.
Calculation of MMF
• Case-2 :- Consider the iron surfaces on one side of the air gap to
be smooth and slotted on the other side.

• Assume flux path through air gap for one slot pitch is confined
to width wt.
Calculation of MMF
• In figure flux can not confine to a width alone but to fringing it
will spread over to a greater width. Its reluctance value
decrease but more than in case-1.

• Consider that in a slot pitch the flux is spread over to a width Ys


’.
kc = carter’s coefficient which is
the function of the ratio of Slot
opening to the gap length.
Calculation of MMF
• The effect of slotting can be considered in two ways

• i) The slot pitch ys is contracted so changing the air gap flux


density B’.
Calculation of MMF
2. The air gap length lg is enlarged to lg ’ where
Calculation of MMF
 Case-3 :- Consider the iron surfaces on both sides of the air gap to be
slotted.

 As per case-2

 Here kc1 and kc2 are carter’s coefficients for stator and rotor slots
respectively and are the function of (wo1/lg1) and (wo2/lg2).
Calculation of MMF
 Case-4 : - Consider the iron surface of the air gap having radial
ventilating ducts. As per case-2 and 3

 a) With number of ducts on one side, the core length will be (L-
kd.nd.wd) and change in flux density from B to B’;

 There is increase in gap density by factor kgd

 kd is the carter’s coefficient which is function of (wd/lg)


Calculation of MMF
• b) Consider ducts on both sides facing each other;

• Where

• Here, kd1 and kd2 are carter coefficients for stator and rotor
ducts and function of [wd1/(1/2.lg)] and [wd2/(1/2.lg)]
respectively.
• Case-5 - Consider the effect of saliency.

• In salient poles the air gap is minimum at the centre along the
direct axis and increases as the pole tip is approached.

• In this case the mmf for air gap per pole for a machine with
salient pole on one side and smooth surface on the other is:
Net iron length
• The cores of the magnetic circuit are build up with laminated steel pieces
• These laminations or stampings are laminated each other by paper etc.
• For effective cooling the length of the core is divided into packets of
about 40 to 80mm with separated by vent spacers or ducts
• So the whole length is not occupied by iron
• Some part of length is taken by the ventilating ducts and some part by
insulation
• Gross iron length = Length of slot portion conductor
• = Core length – length of ventilating ducts
• = L – nd Wd
• Li = Ki(L – nd Wd) Ki is the stacking factor
MMF for Teeth
• Two problems arise when calculating the mmf for teeth:
1. The slots of all the machines are parallel sides which make
the teeth tapered. So the area through which the flux is
passing in the teeth is not constant and giving different
values of flux density over the length of the teeth.

2. The teeth are working at high flux density, so mmf should


high enough to make an appreciable flux passes through
the slots and ducts too.

• This make the calculation complicated.


MMF for Teeth
• Estimation of mmf for tapered teeth:

• Three methods are usually adopted:-

• a) Graphical method

• b) Three ordinate method

• c) One third density method


MMF for Teeth
• Graphical Method
• Due to tapering of the tooth, the flux density at each section
is different.
• Calculate density at a large number of sections spread over
the entire length of the tooth and find the corresponding
intensity (h) or ampere turn per meter (at/m) from the B-H
curve of material.
• Plot the graph showing ‘h’ varies over the length of the
tooth. The mean ordinate of this graph gives the equivalent
‘h’, call hmean.
MMF for Teeth
• Graphical Method

• Three Ordinate Method

• This method is applicable to simple trapezoidal teeth of


moderate taper.

• Let h1, h2, and h3 be the at/m for three equidistance


sections of the taper. Applying Simpson’s rule
MMF for Teeth
• One Third Density Method

• This method is applicable for slight taper and low densities.


It is based on the assumption that the average value of tooth
flux density is equal to the density at a section 1/3 rd of the
tooth height from the narrower end.

• Let (Bt )1/3 = flux density at 1/3 rd tooth height from


narrower end (ht )1/3 = corresponding at/m from the B-H
curve
Real and Apparent Flux Densities
• For high value of tooth flux density the mmf should high
enough to pass an appreciable flux through the slot and
ducts.
• Therefore calculation of density through the tooth area
alone is not correct. This flux density is called apparent flux
density Bapp.
• The actual flux passing through the tooth is always less than
the total flux. So real flux density is always less than
apparent flux density.
Real and Apparent Flux Densities

• Divide the above equation by Ai teeth area over a slot pitch


Real and Apparent Flux Densities
Magnetic pull
• Electromagnets have wide variety of applications in the field of
pulling, lifting and holding.
• They are used in magnetic switches and relay, circuit breakers,
lifting industrial loads of scraps, steel plates heavy castings etc.
• The main area of design deals with force and ampere turn
calculations, temperature rise and heat dissipation.
Magnetic pull
• Work done creates a change in stored magnetic energy.

• Change in stored magnetic energy = (energy stored/m3 ) *


change in volume
Magnetic pull
• Temperature rise: Total losses or heat developed in exciting
coil of an electromagnet is

• The heat dissipating surface of the coil is considered to be


only the inner and outer surfaces,
Magnetic pull

 Now let coil space factor Kc which is the ratio of cross section area
of copper in the coil to total cross section area occupied by coil including
insulation

(Aw = total coil section with insulation)

d= depth of the coil in meters


Magnetic pull
• From above values of Aw

• This will give temperature rise θm as

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