Mitro

Fundamental Training 1
Training Course - Pressure 2

Contents 2
Topics: Slide No:

• DP Accuracy on Flow Measurement 3-4
• Liquid Level Calculation 5 - 13
• Liquid Density Calculation 14
• Liquid Interface Calculation 15
• Remote Seal Overview 16 - 21
• Factors Affecting Seal Performance 22 - 29
• Calibrating Analog Pressure Transmitter 30 - 32
• Calibrating Smart Pressure Transmitter 33 - 44
• Basic Applications 45 - 53
• Exercise 54 - 56

DP Accuracy on Flow Measurement 3
• Is determined by the specification of the DP

transmitter
 because DP is under the square root, the DP range will not
be the same as the flow range. The DP range is equal to the
flow range squared.
– A flow range of 5:1 will have a DP range of 25:1
 the accuracy to be used in for a flow measurement is the %
of reading error, not % of span.
– An EJA is good for 0.1% of span.
• At a reading of 1/2 the span, the error is 0.2% of reading
• At a reading of 1/10 the span, the error is 1.0% of reading
 DP has a sensitivity coefficient (0.5) on flow measurement

DP Accuracy on Flow Measurement 4
Example:
A customer has an orifice plate which produces
32”H2O at 800 GPM of flow.
– How much DP will he have at a flow of 200 GPM ?
Flow turndown is 4:1
DP = 32 / 16 = 2”H2O
DP turndown is 16:1
– If the transmitter accuracy spec. is 0.1% of span what
will be the DP accuracy at 200 GPM ? (the xmtr span is
32“H2O)
DP turndown is 16:1 DP Accuracy = 16 x 0.1% = 1.6%
– How much error will the DP measurement contribute to

the flow accuracy ? (remember, DP has a sensitivity
coefficient of 1/2)
Error = 1.6% x 0.5 = 0.8%

Open Vessel Level Calculation 5
Example: Zero-Based Direct Mount Application
What is the Calibration Range?

100%
4mA pt? (at 0% level)
GP = 1.1 * 0
= 0”H2O 50” Head
XMTR
20mA pt? (at 100% level) 0%
L H S.G = 1.1
GP = Head
= 1.1*50” Cal. Range = 0 to 55”H2O
= 55 ”H2O
Example: Non-Zero-Based Direct Mount Application

100%
GP = Head1
Head2
40”
= 1.1*10”
= 11”H2O
0%
XMTR 10” Head1
L H S.G = 1.1
GP = Head2
= 1.1*50” Cal. Range = 11 to 55”H2O
= 55 ”H2O
Example: Non-Zero-Based Remote Mount Application

100%
GP = Head1
= 1.1*10” Head2
50”
= 11”H2O
20mA pt? (at 100% level) XMTR 0%

Head1 10” S.G = 1.1
GP = Head1 + Head2
L H
= (1.1*10”) + (1.1*50”) Cal. Range = 11 to 66”H2O
= 66 ”H2O
Zero Suppression & Elevation 8
Zero Elevation: Example (for a DP span of 100” H2O)

Wet Leg : Calibrated Range » -20” H2O to 80” H2O
0% 100%
Zero Supression: Example (for a DP span of 100” H2O)

Dry Leg : Calibrated Range » 20” H2O to 120” H2O
0% 100%
Zero 20” H2O 0%/LRV of Dry Leg

Suppressed
0” H2O True Zero (Measured)
Zero
Elevated -20” H2O 0%/LRV of Wet Leg
Closed Tank Level Calculation (Wet Leg) 9
Example: Zero-Based Direct Mount Application

S.GWetLeg=1.2 Ullage or
4mA pt? (at 0% level) Vapor
DP = Phigh - Plow 100%
= 0 - Head1 Head1
= 0 - (1.2*70”) 70”
Head2
= -84”H2O 50”

DP = Phigh - Plow XMTR
0%
= Head2 - Head1 L H S.G = 1.1
= (1.1*50”)] - (1.2*70”)
= -29”H2O
Cal. Range = -84 to -29”H2O
Example: Non-Zero-Based Direct Mount Application

= Head2 - Head1 Head1
= (1.1*10”) - (1.2*70”) 70” 40” Head3
= -73”H2O
DP = Phigh - Plow XMTR 10” Head2
= (Head2 + Head3) - Head1 L H S.G = 1.1
= [(1.1*10”) + (1.1*40”)] - (1.2*70”)
= -29”H2O
Cal. Range = -73 to -29”H2O
Example: Non-Zero-Based Remote Mount Application

= Head2 - Head1
= (1.1*10”) - (1.2*80”) Head1
= -85”H2O
70” Head3
50”

DP = Phigh - Plow
= (Head2 + Head3) - Head1 XMTR 0%
= [(1.1*10”) + (1.1*50”)] - Head2 10” S.G = 1.1
(1.2*80”) L H
= -30”H2O Cal. Range = -85 to -30”H2O
Level Calculation with Remote Seals 12
Diaphragm seals for tanks under VACUUM
The transmitter must be Remote

Seal Capillary
mounted level with or below
the lowest tap to ensure 1.0 psia
positive pressure at the (27.7 H
inH2O) DP Transmitter
transmitter.
Dist. Betw. Taps = H
L
h
SGp SGf
DP = Hside - Lside H L
= (L*SGp + h*SGf ) - (H+h)*SGf

= L*SGp - H*SGf
Level Calculation with Remote Seals 13
Example: Double Remote Seal Application

DP = Phigh - Plow
= Head2 - Head1 100%
= (0.9*30”) - (0.9*100”)
= -63”H2O Head1
70” Head3
50”
DP = Phigh - Plow
0%
= (Head2 + Head3) - Head1
= [(0.9*30”) + (1.1*50”)] - Head2 S.G = 1.1
(0.9*100”) 30”
= -8”H2O
L H
Cal. Range = -63 to -”H2O S.Gfill=0.9
Density Calculation with Remote Seals 14
Example: To measure change in density

Remote
Seal Ullage
4mA pt? (at 0% level) Ptop
DP = 120” * (SGp - SGf)
= 120” * (1.1 - 0.95)
10 ft
= 18”H2O

L H
DP = 120” * (SGp - SGf)
= 120” * (1.3 - 0.95)
Pbottom
= 42”H2O SGf = 0.95
SGp  1.1 to 1.3
Max. Allowable S.G = 0.2
Dist. Betw. Taps = 10 ft
Cal. Range = 18 to 42”H2O = 10 x 12”
= 120”
Interface Calculation with Remote Seals 15
Application Example: To determine % of

interface of Liquid A with respect to Liquid B.
What is the Calibration Range? Remote Vapor SG1= 1.1

Seal
4mA pt? (at 0% level) Ptop
DP = 120” * (SG1 - SGf) 100%
= 120” * (1.1 - 0.95) Liquid B
10 ft SG2= 1.3
= 18”H2O

L H
DP = 120” * (SG2 - SGf) Pbottom Liquid A
= 120” * (1.3 - 0.95)
= 42”H2O Dist. Betw. Taps = 10 ft
= 10 x 12”
= 120”
Cal. Range = 18 to 42”H2O SGf = 0.95
Why Use Remote Seals? 16
• High temperatures
• Corrosive processes
• Prevent clogging Debris
clogging up
• Sanitary applications the transmitter
Chemical Spray
(Clean in Place)
(CIP)
Effluent
Bacteria
Cracks and Crevices

Why Use Remote Seals? 17
• Reduce number of joints

Threaded Connection
TOXIC
• Wet or dry leg replacement
• Cold Ambient Temperatures Threaded Connection
• Process Connection Fitting

• Viscous Applications
Variable height
Changes head
pressure

Remote Seal Applications 18
• Level
DENSITY
• Pressure ACID BIO
HAZARD
• Flow
• Density
SANITARY
• Interface PRESSURE
LEVEL REACTOR
FLOW

How Remote Seal Works? 19
PRESSURE
H
FILL
FLUID
PROCESS
ISOLATING
DIAPHRAGM PRESSURE
Remote Seals System Components 20
• Pressure transmitter
• Low volume transmitter flange
• Connection between seal and transmitter
• Fill fluid
• One or two seals Mounting Ring or Flange
Lower Housing/
Fill Fluid
Flushing Ring
Capillary
Diaphragm
Upper Housing

Classifications of Remote Seals 21
• Diaphragm seals fall into five groups:

Flange Mount - Flushed
Flange Mount - Extended
Flange Mount - Internal
Threaded
Sanitary

Factors Affecting Seal Performance 22
• A Remote Seal Assembly has its own performance

characteristics that are additive to the transmitter
performance.
Temperature
Time Response
Head Temperature Effect
• Seal performance is primarily affected by fill fluid
and diaphragm stiffness.

Volume Displacement
Ambient Hot Cold Max volume
Volume
Displacement
Pressure Error
Diaphragm
Stiffness Curve
No Fill Fluid
Volume

• Remote Seal Temperature Effects

Volume - Cubic Inches
V2
V
V1
Typical Diaphragm
P Stiffness Curve
P1 P2 Center Diaphragm Deflection in Inches
pressure inches H2O
Stiffness is affected by:
• Diameter of measuring surface (Larger diaphragm = Less stiff)
• Material (modulus of elasticity)
• Thickness
•Convolution pattern
• Remote Seal Temperature Effects
Fill Fluid Temperature

Volume Effect
Fill Fluid
Coefficient of Temperature
Increase Increase
Expansion Effect
Diaphragm Temperature
Stiffness Effect

• Remote Seal Head Temperature Error

Fill fluid density (specific gravity) changes due to
temperature changes.
Zero offset is affected by fill fluid density changes.
Calculate Head Temperature Error (HTE).
Initial Head (Hi) = d*SGf
HTE = - d*SGf *E*dT
d = Distance Between Taps

SGf = Specific Gravity of Fill Fluid
E = Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
dT = Temperature Change

• Calculating Head Temperature Error

Initial head: d*SGf = 93.4”
With +25o Temperature change
HTE = - (100*25*.0006*.934)
= -1.380”
– Therefore, at a higher temperature, the head pressure on the
transmitter = (93.4” - 1.40”) = 92.0”
d= 100”
SGf = 0.934
exp. coef. = .0006 in/in/F

• Optimizing Seal System
High Pressure Side Seal Low Pressure Side Seal
DECREASE INCREASE
High
Side Low
•Larger Diaphragm Volume Side
•Smaller Diaphragm Volume
•Thinner Diaphragm
•Thicker Diaphragm
•Smaller Capillary ID
•Larger Capillary ID
•Direct Mount
High
Side
Low
Stiffness
Side
Stiffness

• Remote Seal Time Response
Is affected by:
Fill fluid viscosity
Capillary I.D.
Capillary length
Type and range of transmitter

Calibrating Analog Pressure Transmitters 30
Zero & Span adjustments are interactive:

4 mA 20 mA
» During Span adjustment, Zero point shifts
Full Span : 0 to 100 psi
At 50 psi Reading
Zero Pot Span Pot Analog Output = 50/100*16 + 4 mA
= 12 mA
Set 4 mA point at 20 psi using Zero Pot
Output
Accurate
Input
Electronics Set 20 mA point at 80 psi using Span Pot
Source 4 mA 20 mA
50
20 psi
psi Sensor
80
50 psi
psi Module New Range : 20 to 80 psi
New Span : 80 - 20 = 60 psi
Process
Connection At 50 psi Reading
Analog Output = (50-20)/60*16 + 4 mA
= 12 mA
Calibrating Analog Pressure Transmitters 31
All in all, only 3 types of calibration /

configuration that can be performed on an
analog transmitter :
On Amplifier Board • Calibrating 4-20 mA points
Linearity Adjustment • Damping
Screw marked as ‘LIN’ • Linearity Adjustment
Linearizing Procedure
• Use accurate input source
DAMP
LIN • Apply mid scale input
• Note Desired - Actual Output = x
• Multiply by a correction factor = xy
• Multiply by Range Down factor = xyz
• Apply full scale input
• Adjust linearity to (full scale output -/+
Damping Adjustment xyz) depending on +ve/-ve error at mid
Screw marked as ‘DAMP’ scale input
Calibrating Analog Transmitter 32
Model 272 , 4-20 mA Accurate Sensor 282 Loop

Field Calibrator Input Source Validator
Calibrator connected to the TEST Terminals for

calibration with accurate sensor input source.

Configuration Smart Pressure
Transmitter On-Line 33
Retrieve
Master Slave
Configuration data
Communicator at On-Line SMART
Transmitter
Memory
Send Edited Memory
Configuration data
at On-Line
Using a HART Communicator
• Create OR Edit:
» Tag Name
» Engineering Units
» Damping - Smoothening the transmitter’s Output
» Transfer function - Linear to Square-root Output or vice-versa
» Sensor Setup - For temperature transmitter
» LCD Meter configuration
• Review transmitter information
Calibrating Smart Pressure Transmitter 34
• Using Communicator
User can perform Digital Trims on Smart Transmitter via
HART Protocol / Brain Protocol:
Match Transmitter’s Digital 4-20 mA to
 Output Trims Plant Standard Analog 4- 20mA
» D/A Trim Match Transmitter’s Digital 4- 20 mA to

Plant Standard Analog Output other than
» Scaled D/A Trim 4- 20 mA (eg. 1- 5 V)
Zero out small offset in sensor output

 Input Trims at TRUE ZERO by resetting A/D
» Zero Trim Linearize Transmitter’s Digital PV to
Accurate Input Source ( Two-Point Trim )
» Full Trim
 Low Trim A/D µ D/A
 High Trim Communications
Why Perform 4–20 mA Output Trim ? 35
Inaccurate Digital Interpretation of

Plant Standard Analog Output.
+
–
–
Ranged 20.22 mA
0–100 inH20 DVM
Does NOT Match !!!
EJA-Yokogawa : PT-5639
Online
1 Device Setup
2 PV 100.00 inH2O
3 AO 20.00 mA
4 LRV 0.00 inH2O
5 URV 100.00 inH2O
100 InH20
How 4-20 mA Output Trim Works ? 36
High 20.15 mA
Trim
20 mA
Plant Standard
Meter Reading
4 mA
3.95 mA
4 mA 20 mA
Digital 4- 20 mA Output
Low
Trim Update D/A conversion
A/D µ D/A
Communications
Why Perform Sensor Full Trim ? 37
Inaccurate interpretation of process variable by

the A/D circuit during conversion to digital signal.
+
–
Ranged
0–150 inH20 20.42 mA
DVM
3051C : PT-5639
Online
1 Device Setup
2 PV 150.40 inH2O
3 AO 20.42 mA
4 LRV 0.00 inH2O
5 URV 150.00 inH2O
150 inH20 Does NOT Match !!!
How Input Trim Works ? 38
Digital
PV
Reading
101.5”H2O
High 100”H2O
Trim
- 50”H2O Process
Variable
- 50”H2O 100”H2O Input
Require
-49.5”H2O
Accurate
Input Source Low
Trim
Update A/D conversion
A/D µ D/A
Communications
What is Input Trim ? 39
Sensor Trim
• Zero Trim 4-20 mA OUTPUT
used to zero out small 4-20 mA OUTPUT

changes in output, often
caused by: 4-20 mA OUTPUT
• Mounting Effect
• Static Pressure Effect
Ideal Span
0 to 100 inH2O Input
• Full Trim (Span Trim or

Linearize) 4-20 mA OUTPUT
used to update A/D 4-20 mA OUTPUT

conversion, because of:
• Changes in Module 4-20 mA OUTPUT
Characteristics
• Drift over time Ideal Span
0 to 100 inH2O Input
Zeroing Procedures 40
• On the Bench
transmitter in upright position
transmitter vented
zero transmitter at atmospheric pressure
• In the field
stop process/wet leg input to transmitter
– isolate the valves
transmitter vented
– For DP Flow, equalize static pressures
zero transmitter at atmospheric pressure

A/D -Zero Trim vs D/A Zeroing 41
Bench Calibration- PV: 0.0 inH2O

Output: 4.00 mA
Range Points: 0–60 inH2O
After Mounting - PV: 0.85 inH2O

Output: 4.22 mA
Range Points: 0–60 inH2O
A/D - Zero Trim using D/A - Zeroing using
Communicator Zero Button
PV: 0.0 inH2O PV: 0.85 inH2O
Output: 4.00 mA Output: 4.00 mA
Range Points: 0.–60inH2O Range Points: 0.85–60.85inH2O
Zero based Application To get back: Rerange using
Communicator
Similar to Low Trim - Zero Based Similar to Re-ranging using zero
button
Basic Application
Line Pressure - Gas Flow in a Pipe 42
Transmitter Mounting & Calibration Range
Min. Operating
GP: Ranged from 5 psig to 50 psig Pressure = 5 psig
Operating Span = 45 psi
4 mA (0% reading) = 5 psig
20 mA (100% reading) = 50 psig Max. Operating
Pressure = 50 psig
AP: Ranged from 19.7 psia to 64.7 psia
AP/GP
4 mA (0% reading) = 19.7 psia
Line Pressure
Gas Flow

Basic Application
Line Pressure - Liquid Flow in a Pipe 43
Transmitter Mounting & Calibration Range
GP: Ranged from 50 psig to 500 psig

Operating Span = 450 psi Min. Operating
4 mA (0% reading) = 50 psig Pressure = 50 psig
AP: Ranged from 64.7 psia to 514.7 psia Max. Operating
Operating Span = 450 psi Pressure = 500 psig
20 mA (100% reading) = 514.7 psia
Liquid Flow
If transmitter reads 8 mA
GP = 50 + (8 - 4)/16 * 450 AP/GP
= 162.5 psig Line Pressure
AP = 64.7 + (8 - 4)/16 * 450 8 mA
= 177.2 psia
Basic Application
Line Pressure - Steam Flow in a Pipe 44
Transmitter Mounting & Min. Operating

Calibration Range Pressure = 20 psig
Max. Operating
• GP: Ranged from 30 psig to 110 psig Pressure = 100 psig
– Operating Span = 80 psi
Wet Leg
– 4 mA (0% reading) = 30 psig
Pressure = 10 psig
– 20 mA (100% reading) = 110 psig
• AP: Ranged from 44.7 psia to 124.7 psia
Steam Flow
– Operating Span = 80 psi
– 4 mA (0% reading) = 44.7 psia
– 20 mA (100% reading) = 124.7 psia
AP/GP
Line Pressure
Wet Leg

Basic Application
Line Pressure - Steam Flow in a Pipe 45
Zero Suppression for Steam Line Pressure Measurement

Steam Transmitter Ranged: 0 - 500 kPa
line Operating Span = 500 kPa
Wet Leg:1 inch Tube
Wet Wet Leg Liquid: 1.2 S.G.
Leg 100 inches Steam Pressure: 400 kPa
Transmitter
4 mA point 20 mA point
Before Suppression 0 kPa 500 kPa
After Suppression 30 kPa 530 kPa
At line pressure = 0 kPa, the sensor will sense wet leg pressure (Head).
Wet leg pressure (Head) = Vert. Height * S.G
= 100 * 1.2
= 120 inH2O
= 120 * 0.25 kPa
= 30 kPa Zero Suppression
Basic Application
Static Pressure - Pressurized Vessel 46
Transmitter Mounting &

Calibration Range Min. Operating
Pressure = 0 psig
GP: Ranged from 0 psig to 200 psig Max. Operating

Operating Span = 200 psi Pressure = 200 psig
20 mA (100% reading) = 200 psig AP/GP
Static Pressure
AP: Ranged from 14.7 psia to 214.7 psia
Compressed
Gas
20 mA (100% reading) = 214.7 psia

Basic Application
Vacuum Application 47
Transmitter Mounting &

Min. Operating
Calibration Range Vacuum = 5 psi
GP: Ranged from -10 psig to -5psig
Max. Operating
Vacuum = 10 psi
4 mA (0% reading) = -5 psig
20 mA (100% reading) = -10 psig
AP: Ranged from 9.7 psia to 4.7 psia Process
Vacuum
AP/GP
If transmitter reads 8 mA
GP = - 5 - (8 - 4)/16 * 5 8 mA
= - 6.25 psig
Vacuum
AP = 9.7 - (8 - 4)/16 * 5 Generator
= 8.45 psia
Basic Application
Hydrostatic Pressure - Inferring Liquid Level in a Tank 48
Transmitter Mounting & Min. Level = 0 ft
Calibration Range
Max. Level = 50 ft
DP: Calibration Range: 0 inH2O to 600 inH2O
Operating Span = (50 * 12) * 1.0
= 600 inH2O
4 mA (0 ft) = 0 inH2O
20 mA (50 ft) = 600 inH2O
20mA Max. Level
50 ft
DP
If transmitter reads 8 mA Head
Pressure S.G = 1.0
DP = (8 - 4)/16 * 600
= 150 inH2O
Level = 150/600 * 50 4mA Min. Level 0 ft
L H
= 12.5 ft
8 mA
Basic Application
Inferring Flow Rate in a Pipe 49
Application Example:
0% of flow  100 GPM  4 inH2O DP
100 % of flow  400 GPM  64 inH2O DP
If transmitter reads 36 inH2O
– flow (Q2)
 ( 400/(64)½ ) * (36)½ = 300 GPM
 (300/400) * 100% = 75% of flow
Calibration Range: 4 to 64 inH2O FIC

FT
36 inH2O Flow : 100 to 400 GPM
FE

Basic Application
Mounting Configurations 50
Gas Mounting
Service Configuration Thermal Steam
isolation by Service
Condensate filling
fall back condensate
into the
pipe/process
Gas
Service
Slope Liquid
Slope 1 inch per foot Service
1 inch per foot Vapor will rise back into the
pipe/ process
Exercise 51
1. A vessel contains a solution that is fibrous and viscous. A vacuum is

pulled on the solution so that it will boil at a lower temperature. Which of
the following would be most suitable technology to measure the level ?
A. Float
B. Ultrasonic
C. Pressure transmitter with wet leg
D. Pressure transmitter with remote seal [ ]
An orifice plate creates a differential pressure of 64 kPa at flow rate

of 40 m3/s through a pipe.
2. Calculate the differential pressure at 10 m3/s. [ ]

3. Calculate the flow rate at 16 kPa differential pressure. [ ]
4. Calculate DP accuracy (%) at 10 m3/s If the transmitter’s
reference accuracy is 0.1% of span. (DP sensitivity is 0.5) [ ]
Exercise 52
Steam
line
Wet Leg:25mm Tube
Wet Leg Liquid:1.1 S.G.
Wet Steam Pressure:500 kPa
Leg 6m
Transmitter (Note 1 mm H2O = 9.8 Pa)
5. In the above application, what amount of zero suppression (kPa) is

required if the transmitter was ranged 0 - 600 kPa ? [ ]
Identify the correct configuration for the following services.
6. Liquid Service [ ]
7. Steam Service [ ]
(A) (B) (C)

Exercise 53
8. Calculate the calibration range of the DP 100%

transmitter for the closed tank
application(dry leg). 450 in.
400 in.
4 mA point = [ inH2O ] S.G = 1.0
20 mA point = [ inH2O ] 0% DP
H L
30 kPa Vacuum
9. Calculate the calibration range of the S.G = 1.1
100%
DP transmitter for the remote seal
application. 300 in.
250 in.
4 mA point = [ inH2O ] S.G = 0.9 DP
0% H L 50 in.
20 mA point = [ inH2O ]

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Fundamental Training 1

Training Course - Pressure 2

Topics: Slide No:

Training Course - Pressure 2

• Is determined by the specification of the DP

Training Course - Pressure 2

– How much error will the DP measurement contribute to

Training Course - Pressure 2

Example: Zero-Based Direct Mount Application

What is the Calibration Range?

Example: Non-Zero-Based Direct Mount Application

What is the Calibration Range?

Example: Non-Zero-Based Remote Mount Application

What is the Calibration Range?

20mA pt? (at 100% level) XMTR 0%

Zero Elevation: Example (for a DP span of 100” H2O)

Zero Supression: Example (for a DP span of 100” H2O)

Zero 20” H2O 0%/LRV of Dry Leg

Example: Zero-Based Direct Mount Application

What is the Calibration Range?

20mA pt? (at 100% level)

Example: Non-Zero-Based Direct Mount Application

What is the Calibration Range?

Example: Non-Zero-Based Remote Mount Application

What is the Calibration Range?

20mA pt? (at 100% level)

Diaphragm seals for tanks under VACUUM

The transmitter must be Remote

= (L*SGp + h*SGf ) - (H+h)*SGf

Example: Double Remote Seal Application

Example: To measure change in density

20mA pt? (at 100% level)

Application Example: To determine % of

What is the Calibration Range? Remote Vapor SG1= 1.1

20mA pt? (at 100% level) 0%

Cracks and Crevices

Training Course - Pressure 2

• Reduce number of joints

• Process Connection Fitting

Training Course - Pressure 2

Training Course - Pressure 2

Training Course - Pressure 2

• Diaphragm seals fall into five groups:

Training Course - Pressure 2

• A Remote Seal Assembly has its own performance

Training Course - Pressure 2

Ambient Hot Cold Max volume

Training Course - Pressure 2

• Remote Seal Temperature Effects

• Remote Seal Temperature Effects

Fill Fluid Temperature

Training Course - Pressure 2

• Remote Seal Head Temperature Error

Initial Head (Hi) = d*SGf

HTE = - d*SGf *E*dT

d = Distance Between Taps

Training Course - Pressure 2

• Calculating Head Temperature Error

Training Course - Pressure 2

= (LSGp + hSGf ) - (H+h)*SGf

HTE = - dSGf E*dT