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Fundamentals of Computer Programming 1: Johaira U. Lidasan, MCS

The document provides an overview of fundamentals of computer programming including introductions to computer hardware, software, programming languages, algorithms, pseudo-code, flowcharts and basic C language elements. It covers topics such as main memory, operating systems, machine language, high-level languages, problem solving methods, ambiguous instructions, control flow, comments, keywords, data types, arithmetic operations and precedence. Examples and exercises are provided to illustrate concepts like writing algorithms to convert units or calculate grades, drawing flowcharts, and writing programs to perform basic calculations.

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49 views43 pages

Fundamentals of Computer Programming 1: Johaira U. Lidasan, MCS

The document provides an overview of fundamentals of computer programming including introductions to computer hardware, software, programming languages, algorithms, pseudo-code, flowcharts and basic C language elements. It covers topics such as main memory, operating systems, machine language, high-level languages, problem solving methods, ambiguous instructions, control flow, comments, keywords, data types, arithmetic operations and precedence. Examples and exercises are provided to illustrate concepts like writing algorithms to convert units or calculate grades, drawing flowcharts, and writing programs to perform basic calculations.

Uploaded by

ShutDown
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Fundamentals of

Computer Programming 1
Johaira U. Lidasan, MCS
Introduction to Computers
1. Mainframes/Supercomputers
2. Personal Computer

Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS


Computer Hardware
1. Main Memory
2. Secondary Memory
3. Central Processing Unit
4. Input Devices
5. Output Devices

Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS


Computer Software
1. Operating System
2. Application Software
3. Computer Languages

Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS


Types of Programming Languages
1. Machine Language – a collection of very
detailed, cryptic instructions that control the
computer’s internal circuitry. Natural dialect
of the computer

Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS


Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS
Types of Programming Languages
2. High Level Language
General-purpose language
Special-purpose language

Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS


Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS
What is Algorithms?
- Used in computer science to describe a
problem-solving method suitable for
implementation as computer programs

Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS


C Language Elements

Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS


A Model for Creating Computer Software
- Specify the problem
- Develop a design (algorithm)
- Implement the design
- Maintain the design

Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS


Steps needed to solve a problem:
- Specific
- Unambiguous
- Language independent

Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS


Ambiguous Instructions:

Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS


Ambiguous Instructions:

Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS


Ambiguous Instructions:

Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS


Ambiguous Instructions:

Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS


Ambiguous Instructions:

Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS


Techniques for Laying out an Algorithm
- Pseudo-code
- Flowcharts

Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS


Pseudo-Code
- Is an artificial and informal language that
helps programmers develop algorithms
- Employs “programming-like” statements to
depict the algorithm
- No standard format (language independent)
and can be informal English, combinations of
computer languages and spoken language.

Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS


Pseudo-Code Statements
Output
Input
Process
Decision
Repetition

Statements are carried out in order


Example: calling up a friend
1. Look up telephone number
2. Enter telephone number
3. Wait for someone to answer

Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS


Pseudo-Code Example
Example:
Write an algorithm that converts miles to
kilometers. Remember that 1 mi = 1.609 km.

Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS


Pseudo-Code Example
• Get the distance in miles
• Convert the distance to kilometers. Use the
formula kilometers = distance * 1.609
• Display the distance in kilometers

Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS


Pseudo-Code Example
Example:
Write an algorithm to determine a student’s final
grade and indicate whether it is passing or
failing. The final grade is calculated as the
average of four marks.

Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS


Pseudo-Code Example
• Input a set of 4 marks
• Calculate their average by summing and
dividing by 4
• If average is below 75
Print “Fail”
else
Print “Pass”

Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS


Pseudo-Code Exercise
1. Write a pseudocode that asks the user to enter
the radius of a circle and then computers and
displays the circle’s area. Use the formula
Area = PI x Radius x Radius
Where PI is the constant macro 3.14159
2. Write a pseudocode that asks for a number
from the user and display if the number is even
or odd

Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS


Write a pseudocode that determine the
temperature of the room. If it is 13 degree,
then adjust the temperature to 24 degree, else
maintain the 20 degree temperature.

Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS


Algorithm and Pseudocode

Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS


Symbols:

Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS


Symbols:

Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS


Symbols:

Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS


Flowchart
- Is a diagrammatic representation of an
algorithm
- It uses different symbols to represent the
sequence of operations, required to solve a
problem
- It serves as a blueprint or a logical diagram of
the solution to a problem

Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS


Basic Flowchart Symbol
Represents start and stop/begin and end

Represents declaration

Represents input and output

Represents process or calculation

Represents predefined
Represents condition process/module

Represents control flow

Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS


Flowchart Example
Write an algorithm that will get a number from
the user and display it. Begin

1. Declare variable n as an
integer Int n
2. Get a number from the
user and assign it to n
3. Display n Get n

Display n

End

Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS


Flowchart Example
Write an algorithm that will calculate the area of
a circle. Begin

Float radius,
1. Declare variable radius as area

float
2. Get radius Get radius
3. Calculate area using this
formula area = PI * (radius
* radius) area = PI * (radius * radius)

4. Display area

Display area

End
Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS
Comments
- Are an integral part of program code in any
programming language
- /*…*/
- //

Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS


Keywords
- There are 32 keywords defined as keywords
that have predefined uses and cannot be
used for any other purpose in a C program

Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS


Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS
Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS
Escape Sequences
- Are specially sequenced characters used to
format output

Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS


Primary Data Types
- Integers
- Floating-point numbers
- Characters

Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS


Arithmetic in C

Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS


Order of Precedence

Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS


Exercises:
1. Given a = 5, b = 1, x = 10 and y = 5, create a
program that outputs the result of the
formula f = (a – b)(x – y) using a single
printf() function
2. Create a new program that prompts a user
for numbers and determines total revenue
using the following formula: Total Revenue
= Price * Quantity

Computer Programming 1 JOHAIRA U. LIDASAN, MCS

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