Comparative Police System

LEA 6
Comparative
Police System
Japan Law Enforcement
History
The Japanese government established a
European- style civil police system in 1874, under
the centralized control of the Police Bureau within
the Home Ministry, to put down internal
disturbances and maintain order during the Meiji
Restoration. By the 1880s, the police had developed
into a nationwide instrument of government control,
providing support for local leaders and enforcing
public morality.
Mission
The outer outline specified quotas of personnel and
equipment for each force that were deemed necessary to meet its
tasks.
Particular elements of each force’s mission were also identified.
The GSDF was to defend against ground invasion and threats to
internal security, be able to deploy to any part of the nation, and
protect the bases of all three services of the Self-Defense Forces.
The MSDF was to meet invasion by sea, sweep mines, patrol
and survey the surrounding waters, and guard and defend coastal
waters, ports, bays, and major straits. The ASDF was to render
aircraft and missile interceptor capability, provide support fighter
units for maritime and ground operations, supply air
reconnaissance and air transport for all forces, and maintain
airborne and stationary early warning units.
Function
Although it is beyond doubt that participation
observation is one of the best methods by which to
gather precise information about the role of police in
Japanese society, Japanese scholars have rarely
undertaken this kind of research. The sole exception has
been juvenile delinquency, but even in this area
Japanese scholars have failed to explore juvenile crime.
Japanese police refused either to be observed or
criticized by Japanese scholars, even to the point of
opening the interrogation rooms, in police stations.
Believing that the low crime rate in Japan reflected their
success, police officials concluded that they had little to
learn.
During the past decade, however, police resistance has
declined, if only ever so slightly. Three American and
one Japanese scholar have published books based on
participant observation of the Japanese police.
In early 1970s, the low crime rate in Japan began to
attract the interest of American scholars. Bayley was the
first researcher to receive permission from the Japanese
Ministry of Justice and the National Police Headquarters
(NPH) to conduct participant observations of the
Japanese police. He spent three months in 1972 and
another three months in 1973 working closely with the
police.
System
The Japan National Security
The Japanese government established a European-
style civil police system in 1874, under the centralized
control of the Police Bureau within the Home Ministry,
to put down internal disturbances and maintain order
during the Meiji Restoration. By the 1880s, the police
had developed into a nationwide instrument of
government control, providing support for local leaders
and enforcing public morality. They acted as general
civil administrators, implementing official policies and
thereby facilitating unification and modernization.
In rural areas especially, the police
had great authority and were accorded
the same mixture of fear and respect
as the village head. Their increasing
involvement in political affairs was
one of the foundations of the
authoritarian state in Japan in the first
half of the twentieth century.
Japan Police Rank
ISSUE
The Japanese Constitution states that “{there shall be no
discrimination in political ,economic or social relations because
of race,”
At least one native people-group
(the AINU) was formally recognized by the Japanese
government for the first time in 1997.However,non-citizens who
were born in Japan or elsewhere can be legally restricted from
certain service and activities . According to the census
statistics,98.5% of the population of Japan are Japanese , with
the remainder being foreign nationals residing in Japan.
However these statistics measure citizenship, not ethnicity ,
with all domestic minorities such as the Ainu,
Strength
As of 2010, the total strength reached
approximately 291,475 personnel. The NPA
total is about 7,709 with 1,969 police officers,
901 Imperial guards and 4,839 civilians. The
Prefectural police total is about 283,766 with
255,156 police officers and 28,610 civilians.
Nationwide, there are about 14,900 female
police officers and about 11,800 female
civilians.
Logo
INTERPOL
History
The idea of INTERPOL was born in 1914 at the
first International Criminal Police Congress, held in
Monaco. Officially created in 1923 as the
International Criminal Police Commission, the
Organization became known as INTERPOL in 1956.
1914 - First International Criminal Police
Congress held in Monaco. Police officers, lawyers
and magistrates from 24 countries meet to discuss
arrest procedures, identification techniques,
centralized international criminal records and
extradition proceedings.
1923 - Creation of the International
Criminal Police Commission (ICPC)
with headquarters in Vienna, Austria,
on the initiative of Dr Johannes
Schober, president of the Vienna
Police.
Wanted persons notices first published
in INTERPOL’s International Public
Safety Journal.
Official name and abbreviations
• The Organization's official name is "ICPO–
INTERPOL".
• The official abbreviation "ICPO" stands for
'International Criminal Police Organization'. In
French this is "O.I.P.C.", which stands for
"Organisation internationale de police criminelle".
• The word "INTERPOL" is a contraction of
"international police", and was chosen in 1946 as the
telegraphic address.
• Until 1956, the Organization was known as the
International Criminal Police Commission.
MISSION
"Preventing and fighting crime through enhanced
cooperation and innovation on police and security
matters"
We facilitate the widest possible mutual assistance between
all criminal law enforcement authorities. We ensure that
police services can communicate securely with each other
around the world. We enable global access to police data
and information. We provide operational support on specific
priority crime areas. We foster continuous improvement in
the capacity of police to prevent and fight crime and the
development of knowledge and skills necessary for effective
international policing. We strive for innovation at all times,
in the areas of police and security matters.
Emblem
The emblem, in use since 1950, comprises the following
elements:
• A representation of the globe, to indicate that INTERPOL's

activities are worldwide;
• Olive branches either side of the globe to symbolize peace;
• The name "INTERPOL" below the globe in the centre of the
olive branches;
• A vertical sword behind the globe, symbolizing police action.
• The abbreviations "OIPC" and "ICPO" above the globe either
side of the sword;
• The scales below the olive branches symbolize justice.
Logo

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LEA 6

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