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2.origin of Light Elements

The document discusses evidence that supports the Big Bang theory of the origin and evolution of the universe. It describes how the Big Bang theory was proposed by Lemaitre in the early 20th century and later observations provided key evidence: 1) Hubble discovered that galaxies are moving away from each other, indicating an expanding universe; 2) Penzias and Wilson discovered the cosmic microwave background radiation; and 3) Primordial nucleosynthesis produced the light elements seen today in the predicted abundances. These observations strongly support the Big Bang model of an evolving, expanding universe originating from an initial hot, dense state.

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Maricon Villalobos Ruperez
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223 views21 pages

2.origin of Light Elements

The document discusses evidence that supports the Big Bang theory of the origin and evolution of the universe. It describes how the Big Bang theory was proposed by Lemaitre in the early 20th century and later observations provided key evidence: 1) Hubble discovered that galaxies are moving away from each other, indicating an expanding universe; 2) Penzias and Wilson discovered the cosmic microwave background radiation; and 3) Primordial nucleosynthesis produced the light elements seen today in the predicted abundances. These observations strongly support the Big Bang model of an evolving, expanding universe originating from an initial hot, dense state.

Uploaded by

Maricon Villalobos Ruperez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THE ORIGIN OF

THE LIGHT
ELEMENTS
BIG BANG
- first proposed by Belgian astrophysicist
and priest Abbe Georges Edouard
Lemaitre(1894-1966).
- postulates that the universe began in a
packed state of hot and enormous density and
energy at a finite time in the past.
Albert Einstein
- In 1917, he proposed a model of the
universe.
- According to his model, the universe is
spatially bound(finite) with unchanging volume
(staticisotropic) and uniformity of observations
at different locations in the universe
(homogenous).
- In 1927, Lemaitre opposed Einstein’s model
and argued that his model is not physically realistic
since slight variations in homogeneity would result to
a loss in equilibrium, resulting to expansion or
contraction.
- According to Lemaitre, universe is constantly
expanding and cooling, not just a static universe as
was previously formulated by Einstein.
THREE KEY OBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCES THAT
SUPPORT THE BIG BANG MODEL

A.Hubble or Cosmic Expansion


B.Cosmic microwave background(CMB)
C.Primordial or Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN)
Edwin Hubble (American Astronomer)
- By the early 1930’s, he made a major discovery at
Mount Wilson Observatory in California, USA with the use
of 100-inch Hooker Telescope.
- He had identified Cepheids ( a class of variable
stars pulsating periodically and which can be used as an
indicator of distance and velocity) in numerous spiral
nebulae- now called galaxies.
- Edwin Hubble and his assistant, Milton
Humason, formulated Hubble’s law.
-Hubble’s law ( also known as Hubble
expansion)
- states that the other galaxies are moving
away relative to the Milky Way galaxy at a
rate proportional to distance.
 In the 1940’s, theoretical physicist and cosmologist and
cosmologist George Gamow, together with Robert Herman
and Ralph Alpher – predicted that if the early stage of
the universe was hot and dense, then an afterglow of
radiation must have filled up the universe brought about
by the cooling process.
Cosmic background radiation is also known as the Cosmic
microwave background (CMB)
 Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson
- The two radio astronomers of Bell Laboratories
in New Jersey, USA.
- They confirmed the presence of the CMB with
an average temperature of 2.7 Kelvin.
- Considered as the second most significant
observation
 Gamow, Herman and Alpher
- believed that the high temperature of the universe is an
appropriate condition for nuclear processes to occur during the first
few minutes of the Big Bang.
Nucleosynthesis
- the fusion of protons and neutrons to form nuclei
 Primordial or Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
- process of producing light elements shortly after the Big
Bang.
 Light elements include hydrogen and its isotope
deuterium, helium-3, helium-4 and lithium-7
 At approximately 10 raised to 11 power Kelvin within
the first second after the Big Bang, protons, electrons and
neutrons were formed and moved with oo much energy.
 As the universe expanded, the temperature decreases
forming a stabilized number of protons and neutrons; with
protons outnumbering the neutrons in a 7:1 ratio
 After about a minute, temperature had further
decreased, just enough for protons and neutrons to collide
and stick together, forming the nuclei of deuterium.

As the temperature continued to fall rapidly and with a


high number of protons in the early universe, hydrogen
made up the highest abundance of about 95% while
helium constituted the 5%; trace amounts are accounted
for lithium nuclei
Cosmology – as the study of how the universe began,
how it continues to exist and how it will
* Big Bang Theory / Big Bang Model – refers to the
very start of the whole process.
- It is not an explosion that carried matter outward
from a point. It refers to the rapid inflation of space
itself
Inflation – rapid expansion
Annihilation – the return
Recombination
Redshift – is the first piece of evidence for the big
bang model.
Relative abundance
Cosmic microwave background

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