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X Chart Control Charts: Steven S Prevette

This document provides an overview of X charts, which are control charts used to monitor process means. It includes instructions for creating an X chart using real data on work package approval times. Trends are identified in the data, requiring adjustments to the baseline average and control limits. Both the statistical standard deviation and moving range method are discussed for calculating the control limits, with little practical difference between the two.

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61 views12 pages

X Chart Control Charts: Steven S Prevette

This document provides an overview of X charts, which are control charts used to monitor process means. It includes instructions for creating an X chart using real data on work package approval times. Trends are identified in the data, requiring adjustments to the baseline average and control limits. Both the statistical standard deviation and moving range method are discussed for calculating the control limits, with little practical difference between the two.

Uploaded by

im
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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X Chart Control Charts

Steven S Prevette
Senior Statistician
Savannah River Nuclear Solutions, LLC

SPC Trending Primer/ Two Day Training


http://www.efcog.org/wg/esh_es/Statistical_Process_Control/index.htm
X Chart Control Charts

• We will work from a set of “real”data


• The X chart is the generic control chart, use this format when
in doubt

http://www.efcog.org/wg/esh_es/Statistical_Process_Control/docs/xchart.pdf
Excel Spreadsheet Data

• Open file X chart data.xls


• This is the monthly average time to approve work
packages in days
• It is a real set of data for a Department of Energy
facility for a certain work package type
• Column A is the month completed, Column B is the
monthly average cycle time.
• Columns C, D, and E will be used for Average, UCL,
and LCL

3
Run Chart

• Highlight A2 to F47.
• Hit F11. This will make a bar chart.
• Change chart type to line, delete the background,
grid lines, and legend.
• You now have a “run chart”, a line chart of the raw
data.

4
Calculate the Baseline Average

• We will use the first 25 data points for our initial


baseline
• Type =average(B2:B26) in cell B49. This is the
baseline average
• Copy and paste special (values) into the C column

5
Calculate the Standard Deviation

• For this chart, we will use the actual standard


deviation of the data.
• In cell B50, type =stdev(B2:B26).
• Note – this is the statistical standard deviation.
Another method is the moving range.

6
Calculate the LCL and UCL

• In D49, type =B49 + 3 * B50


• Copy and paste special values up the D column
• In E49, type =B49 – 3 * B50
• Copy and paste special values up the E column
• Check the chart for any trends

7
Definition of a Trend
• One point outside the control limits
• Two out of Three points two standard deviations above/below
average
• Four out of Five points one standard deviation above/below
average
• Seven points in a row all above/below average
• Ten out of Eleven points in a row all above/below average
• Seven points in a row all increasing/decreasing.

See SRS Procedure Q1-1 105 or Institute of Nuclear Power


Operations Good Practice 07-007

8
There are trends in the data!

• We now start cutting back the baseline time interval


into sections, and finding stable regions of the data
to use for creating baselines
• This may also involve throwing out extremely high or
low points (circle them)
• This is a recursive and self-correcting process
• Aim is to have an explanation with the least number
of shifts of the baselines and circles of outliers
• What is the prediction of the future?

9
Standard deviation from Moving Range

• Let’s calculate the standard deviation for January


2004 – October 2005 using the Average Moving
Range
– The answer is 5.2 using stdev
• In G15, type =ABS(B15 – B14)
– This takes the absolute value of the difference
between two successive values
• Copy this formula down to row 35

10
Moving Range (2)

• Calculate = average(G15:G35)
• Divide this number by 1.128
= average(G15:G35)/1.128
• This gives 5.7, fairly close to 5.2
• The interpretation of the data do not change.
• As long as a stretch of data are chosen that are
stable, the two standard deviations will be close to
each other. Outliers might “blow up” the statistical
standard deviation.

11
Which Standard Deviation to Use?
• Traditionally, the moving range is used
• Computers allow the statistical standard deviation to
be calculated more easily
• Shewhart’s original theory based upon the statistical
standard deviation*
• Dr. Wheeler does disagree
• I have found little difference in my data experience
• Q1-1 105 and INPO 07-007 allows for either

* Economic Control of Quality of Manufactured Product, Walter


Shewhart, 1930. Chapter 19

12

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