CSE1004 NETWORK AND

COMMUNICATION
Networking Principles and layered
architecture
 Overview
• SYLLABUS
• Textbook
– Larry Peterson, Bruce S. Davie. Computer Networks: a
system approach. 5th Edition.
– Data Communications and Networking, Behrouz A.
Forouzan, McGraw Hill Education, 5th Ed., 2012
 Highlights of the Course
• Understand the principles of computer networks
• Understand the construction of modern networks
• Study the principles of network protocol suit -
TCP/IP
• Learn how to use the network and the popular
network applications
• Acquire basic knowledge of network programming
 Networking Principles and layered
architecture
• Data Communications and Networking:
– A Communications Model
• Data Communications:
– Evolution of network
– Requirements
– Applications
– Network Topology (Line configuration, Data Flow),
• Protocols and Standards, Network Models (OSI,
TCP/IP)
Introduction
 DEFINTION & APPLICATIONS
DEFINTION:
• A computer network is defined as a group of two or more
computer systems linked together. It is done to enable the
computers to communicate and share available resources.
• Many types of computer networks, including the following:
LAN, MAN, WAN, PAN, HAN….
• Network benefits: Sharing and Connectivity
• APPLICATIONS:
– Sharing of resources such as printers.
– Sharing of expensive software's and database.
– Communication from one computer to another computer
– Exchange of data and information among users via network.
– Sharing of information over geographically wide areas.
 Introduction (Cont’d)
• A very simple network
– Digital-Analog ; Analog-Digital.
– Physical lines A

– Routing
– Flow control B

– Simplex/Duplex Communication

C
 Introduction (Cont’d)
– Broadcast
• single communication channel shared by all the
machines on the network
• Short messages, called packets in certain contexts,
sent by any machine are received by all the others.
• Eg. Address Checking required

– Point-to-point
• consist of many connections between individual
pairs of machines.
 Introduction (Cont’d)
• Network Hardware (Scale Perspective)
– PAN: personal area networks (1m)
– LAN: local area networks (10m ~ 1km)
– MAN: metropolitan area networks (10km)
– WAN: wide area network (100km ~ 1000km)
– Internet
Network Benefits: SHARING RESOURCES
• Types of resources are:
1. Hardware: A network allows users to share many
hardware devices such as printers, modems, fax
machines, CD ROM, player, etc.
2. Software: sharing software resources reduces the
cost of software installation, saves space on hard disk.
 OTHER BENEFITS OF COMPUTER NETWORK
• Increased speed
• Reduced cost
• Improved security
• Centralized software managements
• Electronic mail
• Flexible access
 DISDAVATAGES OF NETWORKS
o High cost of installation
o Requires time for administration
o Failure of server
o Cable/Media faults
 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
DC- is the exchange of data between two devices by means of
any transmission medium.
Characteristics:
1.Delivery,
2. Accuracy and
3. Timeliness.
1. The data must be delivered to the correct destination.
2. The data must be delivered accurately. i.e. without alteration.
3. The system must deliver data in a timely manner.
e.g. Real time application.
 Network
• Network: Is a group or system of interconnected
people or things.
• Example: "the company has a network of 20
branches“.
• Computer Networks: A network is defined as a
group of two or more computer systems linked
together.
 Network Characteristics
• Topology : The geometric arrangement of a
computer system.
• Protocol : The protocol defines a common set of
rules and signals that computers on the network
use to communicate. One of the most popular
protocols for LANs is called Ethernet.
• Architecture : Networks can be broadly classified as
using either a peer to peer or client/server
architecture.
A Communications Model
 What is a Network?
•A network is a set of devices (node) connected by media links.
• A computer network may be defined as an interconnected
collection of autonomous computers.
• A network is a collection of computers, printers, routers, switches,
and other devices that are able to communicate with each other over
some transmission media.
 COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER NETWORK
• Two or more computers
• Cables as links between the computers
• A network interfacing card(NIC) on each computer
• Switches
• Software called operating system(OS)
DIRECTION OF DATA FLOW
 DIRECTION OF DATA FLOW:
Simplex:
Data flows in only one direction on the data communication
line (medium). E.g. Radio and Television broadcasts. They go
from the TV station to your home television.
Half-Duplex:
Data flows in both directions but only one direction at a time on
the data communication line. Ex. Conversation on walkie-
talkies is a half-duplex data flow. Each person takes turns
talking. If both talk at once - nothing occurs!
Full-Duplex:
Data flows in both directions simultaneously at the same time.
Ex. Modems are configured to flow data in both directions.
 What is an Internetwork?
(i.e. Networks of Networks)
• An Internetwork is a collection of independent remote networks,
LANs and WANs, and their connecting devices. They function
together as one large network sharing connectivity resources.
Internetwork
(Internet)
1. Evolution of network
Evol….Roots of Computer networks
• Computer networks: transmitting information
over along distances. This implementation is
done by various methods of data encoding
and multiplexing in telecommunications
systems.
• Batch processing systems: 1950
• Multiterminal systems: Prototype of the
computer network(1960).
Batch processing systems
Multiterminal systems
 Evol…First Computer Networks
• First WAN:
– Multilayer architecture of communications protocols
– Packet switching technology
– Packet routing heterogeneous networks
2. Data Communications:
Requirements
 Components of data Communication:
1.Message, 2.Sender, 3.Receiver, 4.Medium and 5.Protocol.
 Components of data Communication

Message : It is the data to be communicated. It consists of text,

numbers, pictures, sound, or video or any combination of these.

Sender : It is the device that sends the data message. It can be a

computer, workstation, telephone handset, video camera.

Receiver : It is the device that receiver the message. It can be a

computer, workstation, telephone, and television.

Medium : Transmission medium is the physical path by which a

message travels from sender to receiver. Example it consists of
twisted pair wire, co axial cable, fiber optical, laser or radio waves.

Protocol: It is a set of rules that govern data communication.

Without a protocol two devices are connected but not
communicated.
3. Applications of Networks:
• Electronic messaging. (E-Mail)
• Electronic data Interchange. ( E-Com.).
• Teleconferencing.
• Cellular Telephone.
• Cable TV.
• On-line Marketing , Sales, ticket reservations (boats, hotels,
theaters)
• Financial Services. (E- Cash).
• Manufacturing.
• Information Services.
Categories of Networks
 LAN – Local Area Network

The network can be categorized based on its size, its ownership, the distance it
covers, and its physical architecture.
Interprocessor Distance:
1. LAN :
10m – Room, 100m - Building and 1km or 2 km – upto Campus.
 LAN ( Local Area Network )
 It covers a small geographical area with in a building or up to a
few kilometers outside
 They are widely used to connect PC with in a office.
 LAN has distinguished from other networks by three characters.
• size
• their transmission technology
• their Topology
 LAN run at speeds of 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps. or (100/1000Mbps)
 Different Topologies will be used for LAN Connectivity.
• Bus / RING
- IEEE 802.3 known as Ethernet is an typical example for LAN
 Advantages of LAN :
• LAN provides a cost-effective multi-user computer environmen
• A LAN is suited to any type of application.
• Any number of users can be accommodated.
• It is flexible and growth-oriented.
• Today speeds are normally 100 or 1000 Mbps.
• It provide data integrity.
 MAN ( Metropolitan Area Network )

10km or 20 km – upto City level.

 MAN ( Metropolitan Area Network )
 MAN is a bigger network covers a group of nearby offices in a city
.up to 10 – 20 kilometers range.
 MAN supports both voice and data. The typical example is Local
Cable Network..
 LAN has distinguished from other networks by two characters.
• standard that is adopted by them.
• DQDB ( Distributed Queue Dual Bus ) – 802.6
 MAN run at speeds of 150 Mbps.
 Typical Topology will be used for MAN Connectivity.
• BUS
 IEEE 802.6 known as Ethernet is an typical example for LAN.
• It may be a single network such as a cable TV network or it may be a
means of connecting a number of LANs into a large network so that
resources may be shared LAN-to-LAN as well as device-to-device.
 MAN ( Metropolitan Area Network ) – Cont…

• MAN provides the transfer rates from 34 to 150 Mbps.

• MAN is designed with two unidirectional buses.
• Each Bus is independent of the other in the transfer of
traffic.
• The topology can be designed as an open bus or closed bus
configuration.
• It can support both data and voice.
• The high speed links between LANs within a MAN are made
possible by fiber-optic connection.
 WAN - ( Wide Area Network )

100km – upto Country level , 1000km – upto continent and

10,000km – upto Planet level.( The Internet).
 WAN ( Wide Area Network )
 WAN covers a large geographical area , country or continent.
 Hosts / Subnet
 The job of the Subnet is to carry the messages from host to host.
subnet is an area in which the actual communication takes place.
 Subnet Consists of Two Distinct Components.
• Transmission Lines
• Switching Elements ( Specialized Systems )
 Packet Switched Nodes / Router
 Inside the Subnet routers have a connectivity among themselves.
 Store and Forward Concept
 All the Topologies are applicable
 Works at 100 Mbps to 1000 Mbps.
NETWORK CLASSIFICATION BY THEIR
COMPONENT ROLE
 PEER TO PEER NETWORK
• In peer to peer network each computer is responsible for
making its own resources available to other computers on
the network.
• Each computer is responsible for setting up and
maintaining its own security for these resources.
• Each computer is responsible for accessing the required
network resources from peer to peer relationships.
• Each computer can function as both client and server and
do not have a central control system.
• There are no servers in peer network. Peer networks are
amplified into home group.
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
OF PEER TO PEER NETWORK

*NOS – Network Operating System

 TYPES OF SERVERS
• File server: provides services for storing, retrieving and moving
data. User can read/write/exchange/manage files with help of
file servers
• Printer server: used for controlling and managing printing on
the network. It also offers the fax service to the network users.
• Application server: helps to share expensive software and
additional computing power by the computers in a network.
• Message server: used to co-ordinate the interaction between
users, documents and applications. Data - audio,video,binary,
text or graphics
• Database server: It is a type of application server. It allows the
uses to access the centralized strong database.
 4. Topology
• Topology refers to the layout of connected
devices on a network.
• Here, some logical layout of topology.
–Mesh
–Star
–Bus
–Ring
–Tree and Hybrid
Network Topology
 Mesh Topology
• Here every device has a point to point link to
every other device.
• Node 1 node must be connected with n-1
nodes.
• A fully connected mesh can have n(n-1)/2
physical channels to link n devices.
• It must have n-1 I/O ports.
 Mesh Topology
Advantages:
1. They use dedicated links so each link can only
carry its own data load. So traffic problem can be
avoided.
2. It is robust. If any one link get damaged it cannot
affect others.
3. It gives privacy and security.(Message travels
along a dedicated link)
4. Fault identification and fault isolation are easy.
Mesh Topology
Mesh Topology
 Mesh Topology
• Disadvantages:
1. The amount of cabling and the number of I/O ports
required are very large. Since every device is
connected to each devices through dedicated links.
2. The sheer bulk of wiring is larger then the available
space.
3. Hardware required to connected each device is
highly expensive.
 Mesh Topology
• Applications:
1. Telephone Regional office.
2. WAN.(Wide Area Network).
 Star Topology
• Here each device has a dedicated point-to-point link
to the central controller called “Hub”(Act as a
Exchange).
• There is no direct traffic between devices.
• The transmission are occurred only through the
central “hub”.
• When device 1 wants to send data to device 2; First
sends the data to hub. Which then relays the data to
the other connected device.
Star Topology
Star Topology
 Star Topology
• Advantages:
1. Less expensive than mesh since each device is
connected only to the hub.
2. Installation and configuration are easy.
3. Less cabling is needed than mesh.
4. Robustness.(if one link fails, only that links is
affected. All other links remain active)
5. Easy for fault identification & to remove parts.
6. No distruptions to the network when connecting(or)
removing devices.
 Star Topology
• Disadvantages:
1. Even it requires less cabling than mesh, when
compared with other topologies it is still large.(Ring
or bus).
2. Dependency(whole n/w dependent on one single
point(hub). When it goes down the whole system is
dead.
 Applications
• Star topology used in Local Area Networks(LANs).
• High speed LAN often uses STAR.
 Bus Topology
• A bus topology is multipoint.
• Here one long cable act as a backbone to link all the
devices are connected to the backbone by drop lines
and taps.
• Drop line- is the connection b/w the devices and the
cable.
• Tap- is the splitter that cut the main link.
• This allows only one device to transmit at a time.
Bus Topology
Bus Topology
Bus Topology
Bus Topology
 Bus Topology
• A device want to communicate with other device on
the n/ws sends a broadcast message onto the wire
• All other devices can see the message but only the
intended devices accepts and process the message.
 Bus Topology
• Advantages:
1. Ease of installation
2. Less cabling

Disadvantages:
1. Difficult reconfiguration and fault isolation.
2. Difficult to add new devices.
3. Signal reflection at top can degradation in quality.
4. If any fault in backbone can stops all transmission.
 Bus Topology
• Applications:
• Most computer motherboard.
 Ring Topology
• Here each device has a dedicated connection with two
devices on either side.
• The signal is passed in one direction from device to
device until it reaches the destination and each device
have repeater.
• When one device received signals instead of intended
another device, its repeater then regenerates the data
and passes them along.
• To add or delete a device requires changing only two
connections.
Ring Topology
 Ring Topology
• Advantages:
1. Easy to install.
2. Easy to reconfigure.
3. Fault identification is easy.

Disadvantages:
1. Unidirectional traffic.
2. Break in a single ring can break entire network.
 Ring Topology
• Applications:
• Ring topologies are found in some office buildings or
school campuses.
• Today high speed LANs made this topology less
popular.
 Tree Topology
• Alternatively referred to as a star bus topology.
• Tree topology is one of the most common network
setups that is similar to a bus topology and a star
topology.
• A tree topology connects multiple star networks to
other star networks. Below is a visual example of a
simple computer setup on a network using the star
topology.
Tree Topology
 Hybrid Topology
• A network which contain all type of physical
structure and connected under a single backbone
channel.
 Hybrid Topology
• a
 Considerations for choosing
topology
• Money-Bus n/w may be the least expensive way to
install a n/w.
• Length-of cable needed- the linear bus n/w uses
shorter lengths of cable.
• Future growth-with star topology, expending a n/w is
easily done by adding another devices.
• Cable type-most common used cable in commercial
organization is twisted pair. Which often
used with star topologies.
• Full mesh topology is theoretically the best since
every device is connected to every other device.(thus
maximizing speed and security. however, it quite
expensive to install)
• Next best would be tree topology, which is basically a
connection of star.
Protocol :
It is defined as a set of rules and regulations used for
communication.
The key elements are given below.
1.Syntax: Refers to the structure of data, meaning the order in
which they are presented.
2. Semantics: The meaning of each section of bits.
3.Timing: Refers to two characteristics: - When data should be
sent and how fast they can be sent.
 PROTOCALS AND STANDARDS:

This standard defines structured cabling, a telecommunication

cabling system that can support virtually any voice, imaging or data
applications that an end user chooses.

• Electronic Industries Association (EIA),

• Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) and other leading
telecommunication companies worked cooperatively to create
ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-A standard for commercial buildings.
Standards:
Something established for use as a rule or basis of
comparison in measuring or judging capacity, quantity,
content, extent, value, quality, etc.
 Definitions
• Rules and conventions for the exchange of information
– Open Systems
• Who makes the rules and conventions?
– Many local, regional, and international organizations
– ISO, ITU, IEEE, ANSI, ECMA

• Open Systems Interconnection Standards (OSI)

– Packet Switched Public Data Network (PSPDN)
– Circuit Switched Public Data Network (CSPDN)
– Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
– Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
– Local Area Network (LAN)
• V-series
– Connecting equipment to a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
• X-series
– Connecting equipment to a Public Switched Data Network (PSDN)
• I-series
– Connecting equipment to an Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
 Standards Organizations
• ITU - International Telecommunication Union which develops
worldwide standards for telecommunication technologies.
• CCITT - Consultative Committee for International Telegraph and
Telephone. Responsible for development of Communication
standards.
• IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers.

• ISO - International Standardization Organization. Responsible

for a wide range of standards including networking standards.
 Popular Protocols
• TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. Name
of suite of protocols to support the implementation of worldwide
internet works.
• X.25 - ITU’s standard that defines how connections between
terminal equipment and computers are maintained.
• SMDS - Switched Multi-megabit Data Service. High speed packet
switched WAN networking technology offered by phone
companies.
 Popular Protocols (Cont.)
• ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network.
Communication protocol offered by phone
companies which allows phone networks to carry
voice, video, and data.
• CDPD - Cellular Digital Packet Data. Standard for 2-
way wireless data communication over high
frequency cellular phone channels.
• DQDB - Distributed Queue Dual Bus. Data link layer
protocol designed for metropolitan area networks.
• CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access.
THE OSI MODEL

International Standards Organization (ISO) is a

multinational body dedicated to worldwide agreement on
international standards - Established in 1947.

An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network

communications is the Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) model - introduced in the late 1970s.
ISO is the organization.
OSI is the model.
Seven layers of the OSI model
The interaction between layers in the OSI model
An exchange using the OSI model
Physical layer
The physical layer is responsible for movements of
individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.
Data link layer
The data link layer is responsible for moving
frames from one hop (node) to the next.
Hop-to-hop delivery
Figure 2.8 Network layer
The network layer is responsible for the
delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.
Source to destination delivery
Transport layer
The transport layer is responsible for the delivery
of a message from one process to another.
Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message
Figure 2.12 Session layer
The session layer is responsible for dialog
control and synchronization.
Presentation layer
The presentation layer is responsible for translation,
compression, and encryption.
Application layer
The application layer is responsible for
providing services to the user.
Summary of layers
 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

The TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the

TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers: physical, data
link, network, transport, and application.

Topics discussed in this section:

Physical
Data Link Layers
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
TCP/IP and OSI model
 ADDRESSING

Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing

the TCP/IP protocols:
Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP
 MAC Addresses or Physical Addresses

Most local-area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical

address written as 12 hexadecimal digits; every byte (2
hexadecimal digits) is separated by a colon, as shown
below:

07:01:02:01:2C:4B

A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.

A logical address is a 32-bit(IPv4) or 128-bit(IPv6)
represented as shown.

IPv4: 192.168.2.33
IPv6: 2dbe:ab67:237f:50cd:83fd:ab34:92bd:66ca
The physical addresses will change from hop to hop,
but the logical addresses usually remain the same.
IP addresses
A port address is a 16-bit address represented by one
decimal number as shown.

753

A 16-bit port address represented

as one single number.
Port addresses