Chapter 2 Atoms Ions
Chapter 2 Atoms Ions
Chapter 2 Atoms Ions
Chapter 2
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Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1808)
1. Los Elementos estan compuestos de pequnas particulas
llamados atomos.
2. Todos los atomos de un elemento dado son identicos,
tienen el mismo tamano, masa y propiedades quimicas.
Atoms de un element son diferentes a los atomos de
todos los otros elementos.
3. Los Compuestos estan constituidos por atomos de mas
de un elemento. Para un compuesto, la razon del numero
de atomos de uno de los elementos presentes es un
entero o una fraccion simples.
4. Una reaccion quimica envuelve solamente la separacion,
combinacion, o el reordenamiento de atomos; esto no
resulta en sus creacciones o destrucciones.
2.1
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
2.1
16 X + 8Y 8 X2Y
2.1
J.J. Thomson measured the mass to charge ratio of the electron.
(1906 Nobel Prize in Physics) 2.2
Cathode Ray Tube
2.2
Measured mass of e-
(1923 Nobel Prize in Physics)
An X-ray beam
dislodges an electron
from air molecules
which becomes
attached to an oil
droplet.
Mass Number A
ZX
Element Symbol
Atomic Number
12 13 14
6C 6C 6C
235 238
92 U 92 U
2.3
The Isotopes of Hydrogen
2.3
Do You Understand Isotopes?
14
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 6 C ?
11
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 6 C ?
2.3
2.4
Noble Gas
Halogen
Group
Period
Alkali Earth Metal
Alkali Metal
A molecule is an aggregate of two or more atoms in a
definite arrangement held together by covalent bonds.
2.5
An ion is an atom, or group of atoms, that has a net
positive or negative charge.
Cation: ion with a positive charge
• If a neutral atom loses one or more electrons
it becomes a cation.
11 protons 11 protons
Na 11 electrons Na+ 10 electrons
2.5
Do You Understand Ions?
27 3+
How many protons and electrons are in 13 Al ?
13 protons, 13 – 3 = 10 electrons
78 2–
How many protons and electrons are in 34 Se ?
34 protons, 34 + 2 = 36 electrons
2.5
Common Monatomic Cations
2.5
2.6
A molecular formula shows the exact number of
atoms of each element in a molecule of the
substance.
molecular empirical
H2O H2O
C6H12O6 CH2O
O3 O
N2H4 NH2
2.6
ionic compounds consist of a combination of cations
and anions.
• the formula is always the same as the empirical formula
• the sum of the charges on the cation(s) and anion(s) in each
formula unit must equal zero
The ionic compound NaCl. Na+ to Cl– ratio = 1 to 1
2.6
Formula of Ionic Compounds
2 x +3 = +6 3 x –2 = –6
Al2O3
Al3+ O2–
1 x +2 = +2 2 x –1 = –2
CaBr2
Ca2+ Br –
2 x +1 = +2 1 x –2 = –2
Na2CO3
Na+ CO32–
2.6
Monatomic negative ion names end in “ide.”
2.7
2.7
Chemical Nomenclature
Ionic Compounds
• often a metal + nonmetal
2.7
Transition metal ionic compounds
• Indicate the charge on the metal with Roman
numerals (the Stock naming system).
• Common names use the “ic” and “ous” endings.
2.7
Molecular compounds
2.7
Molecular Compounds
HI hydrogen iodide
2.7
An acid can be defined as a substance that yields
hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.
• Pure substance, hydrogen chloride, HCl (g).
• Dissolve in water yields H+ and Cl– ions,
hydrochloric acid, HCl (aq).
2.7
Hydrates are compounds that have a specific
number of water molecules attached to them.
BaCl2•2H2O barium chloride dihydrate
CuSO4•5H2O CuSO4
2.7
Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that
deals with carbon compounds
Functional Groups
H H H O
H C OH H C NH2 H C C OH
H H H
methanol methylamine acetic acid
2.7