Introduction to Internal

Combustion Engines!

1
 Engine
=

• Engine: Device used to convert one form of energy in another form

• Heat engine : It can be defined as any engine that converts

thermal energy to mechanical work output. Examples of heat
engines include: steam engine, diesel engine, and gasoline (petrol)
engine.

• On the basis of how thermal energy is being delivered to working

fluid of the heat engine, heat engine can be classified as an internal
combustion engine and external combustion engine.

2
 Classification of Heat engines
• In an External combustion engine, working fluid gets
energy using boilers by burning fossil fuels or any other fuel,
thus the working fluid does not come in contact with
combustion products.
– E.g Steam engine (working fluid is steam).

• In an Internal combustion engine, combustion takes place

within working fluid of the engine, thus fluid gets
contaminated with combustion products.
– E.g. Petrol engine (working fluid: mixture of air and fuel
External combustion engine
Internal combustion engine (Single cylinder)
Multi-cylinder Internal combustion engine
 INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINE
Classifications:
– Otto cycle/ Spark Ignition engines.
– Diesel cycle/ Compression Ignition engines.

• Spark ignition engine (SI engine): An engine in which the

combustion process in each cycle is started by use of an external
spark.

• Compression ignition engine (CI engine): An engine in which the

combustion process starts when the air-fuel mixture self ignites due
to high temperature in the combustion chamber caused by high
compression.
(Spark Ignition engine (Compression Ignition engine
OR Petrol Engine OR Diesel Engine
OR Otto cycle) OR Diesel cycle)
 Classifications (cont.)

• Four stroke cycle ( One power stroke in two revolution of

crankshaft)/ Two stroke cycle ( One power stroke in one
revolution of crankshaft)
• Water cooled/ Air cooled/ Evaporator cooled
• Single cylinder/ multi-cylinder
• Petrol Engine/ Diesel Engine/ Gas engine
• Carbureted type/ Injection type/ Multipoint fuel Injection
Engine Cylinder
Components
 Internal combustion Engine Components:
I.C. Engine components shown in figure1 and figure2 are
defined as follows:
• Block : Body of the engine containing cylinders, made of cast iron or
aluminum.
• Cylinder : The circular cylinders in the engine block in which the
pistons reciprocate back and forth.
• Head : The piece which closes the end of the cylinders, usually
containing part of the clearance volume of the combustion chamber.
• Combustion chamber: The volume of cylinder between the head and
the piston face where combustion occurs.
– The size of combustion chamber continuously changes from
minimum volume when the piston is at TDC to a maximum
volume when the piston at BDC.
Figure : Engine components
• Crankshaft : Rotating shaft through which engine work output is
supplied to external systems.
– The crankshaft is connected to the engine block with the main
bearings.
– It is rotated by the reciprocating pistons through the connecting
rods connected to the crankshaft, offset from the axis of
rotation. This offset is sometimes called crank throw or crank
radius.
• Connecting rod : Rod connecting the piston with the rotating
crankshaft, usually made of steel or alloy forging in most engines but
may be aluminum in some small engines.
• Piston rings: Metal rings that fit into circumferential grooves around
the piston and form a sliding surface against the cylinder walls.
• Camshaft : Rotating shaft used to push open valves at the proper
time in the engine cycle, either directly or through mechanical or
hydraulic linkage (push rods, rocker arms, tappets) .
• Push rods : The mechanical linkage between the camshaft and
valves on overhead valve engines with the camshaft in the
crankcase.
• Crankcase : Part of the engine block surrounding the crankshaft.
– In many engines the oil pan makes up part of the crankcase
housing.
• Exhaust manifold : Piping system which carries exhaust gases
away from the engine cylinders, usually made of cast iron .
• Intake manifold :Piping system which delivers incoming air to the
cylinders, usually made of cast metal, plastic, or composite material.
– In most SI engines, fuel is added to the air in the intake manifold
system either by fuel injectors or with a carburetor.
– The individual pipe to a single cylinder is called runner.
• Carburetor : A device which meters the proper amount of fuel into
the air flow by means of pressure differential.
– For many decades it was the basic fuel metering system on all
automobile (and other) engines.
• Spark plug : Electrical device used to initiate combustion in an SI
engine by creating high voltage discharge across an electrode gap.
 I.C. Engine components apart from
components shown in the figure:
• Exhaust System: Flow system for removing exhaust gases from the
cylinders, treating them, and exhausting them to the surroundings.
– It consists of an exhaust manifold which carries the exhaust
gases away from the engine, a thermal or catalytic converter to
reduce emissions, a muffler to reduce engine noise, and a
tailpipe to carry the exhaust gases away from the passenger
compartment.
• Flywheel : Rotating mass with a large moment of inertia connected
to the crank shaft of the engine.
– The purpose of the flywheel is to store energy and furnish
large angular momentum that keeps the engine rotating
between power strokes and smooths out engine operation.
• Fuel injector : A pressurized nozzle that sprays fuel into the
incoming air (SI engines )or into the cylinder (CI engines).
• Fuel pump : Electrically or mechanically driven pump to
supply fuel from the fuel tank (reservoir) to the engine.
• Glow plug : Small electrical resistance heater mounted inside
the combustion chamber of many CI engines, used to preheat
the chamber enough so that combustion will occur when first
starting a cold engine.
– The glow plug is turn off after the engine is started.
• Starter : Several methods are used to start IC engines. Most are
started by use of an electric motor (starter) geared to the engine
flywheel. Energy is supplied from an electric battery.
Engine Cylinder
Terminology
Figure3 : Engine Terminology
 Engine Terminology :
Figure 3, shows the pressure volume diagram of ideal engine cycle
along with engine terminology as follows:

Cylinder Bore :- (B) The nominal inner diameter of the working

cylinder

Piston Area :- (A) The area of the circle of diameter equal to the
cylinder bore.

Stroke:- (L) A nominal distance through which a working piston moves

between two successive reversals of its direction of motion.
 Engine Terminology :
Dead centre :- The position of the working piston and that moving parts
which are mechanically connected to it at the momentum when the direction
of piston motion is reversed.

Bottom Dead centre :- (BDC) Dead centre when the piston is nearest to the
crankshaft.

Top Dead centre :- (TDC) Dead centre when the piston is farthest from the
crankshaft.

Swept Volume OR Displacement volume :- (Vs) :- Vs=AxL.

The nominal volume generated by the working piston when traveling from
one dead center to the next one.

Compression Ratio :- (CR or r) The numerical volume of the cylinder volume

divided by the numerical value of the combustion space volume.
4- Stroke SI Engine/
Ideal Otto Cycle/
Petrol Engine

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4-Stroke SI Engine (petrol engine)
Figure4: Suction stroke
 Four strokes of SI Engine Cycle :
Suction/Intake stroke: Intake of air fuel mixture in cylinder
through intake manifold.
– The piston travel from TDC to BDC with the intake valve
open and exhaust valve closed.
– This creates an increasing volume in the combustion
chamber, which in turns creates a vacuum.
– The resulting pressure differential through the intake
system from atmospheric pressure on the outside to the
vacuum on the inside causes air to be pushed into the
cylinder.
– As the air passes through the intake system fuel is added
to it in the desired amount by means of fuel injectors or a
carburettor.
Figure5: Compression Stroke
• Compression stroke: When the piston reaches BDC, the
intake valve closes and the piston travels back to TDC
with all valves closed.
– This compresses air fuel mixture, raising both the
pressure and temperature in the cylinder.
– Near the end of the compression stroke the spark
plug is fired and the combustion is initiated.
• Combustion of the air-fuel mixture occurs due to spark
generated from the spark plug in a very short but finite length
of time with the piston near TDC (i.e., nearly constant volume
combustion).
– It starts near the end of the compression stroke slightly
before TDC and lasts into the power stroke slightly after
TDC.
– Combustion changes the composition of the gas mixture to
that of exhaust products and increases the temperature in
the cylinder to a high value.
– This in turn increases the pressure in the cylinder to a high
value.
Figure6: Combustion followed by Expansion stroke.
• Expansion stroke/Power stroke : With all valves closed the
high pressure created by the combustion process pushes the
piston away from the TDC.
– This is the stroke which produces work output of the engine
cycle.
– As the piston travels from TDC to BDC, cylinder volume is
increased, causing pressure and temperature to drop.
• Exhaust Blowdown : Late in the power stroke, the exhaust valve is
opened and exhaust blowdown occurs.
– Pressure and temperature in the cylinder are still high
relative to the surroundings at this point, and a pressure
differential is created through the exhaust system which
is open to atmospheric pressure.
– This pressure differential causes much of the hot exhaust
gas to be pushed out of the cylinder and through the
exhaust system when the piston is near BDC.
– This exhaust gas carries away a high amount of enthalpy,
which lowers the cycle thermal efficiency.
– Opening the exhaust valve before BDC reduces the work
obtained but is required because of the finite time needed
for exhaust blowdown.
Figure7: Exhaust blowdown followed by Exhaust stroke
• Exhaust stroke: By the time piston reaches BDC, exhaust
blowdown is complete, but the cylinder is still full of exhaust gases
at approximately atmospheric pressure.
– With the exhaust valve remaining open, the piston travels
from BDC to TDC in the exhaust stroke.
– This pushes most of the remaining exhaust gases out of the
cylinder into the exhaust system at about atmospheric pressure,
leaving only that trapped in the clearance volume when the
piston reaches TDC.
– Near the end of the exhaust stroke before TDC, the
intake valve starts to open, so that it is fully open by
TDC when the new intake stroke starts the next cycle.
– Near TDC the exhaust valve starts to close and finally is
fully closed sometime after TDC.
– This period when both the intake valve and exhaust valve
are open is called valve overlap, it can be clearly seen in
valve timing chart given below.
 CI Engine/
Ideal Diesel Cycle/
Diesel Engine
4-Stroke Compression Ignition Engine :
Figure8: Ideal diesel cycle P-V Diagram.
Figure9: Four strokes of ideal Diesel cycle.
Figure10:Suction stroke
Figure11: Compression stroke
 Four strokes of CI Engine Cycle :
• Intake/Suction Stroke : The same as the intake stroke in an SI
engine with one major difference : no fuel is added to the
incoming air, refer figure 10.
• Compression Stroke : The same as in an SI engine except that
only air is compressed and compression is to higher pressures and
temperature, refer figure11.
– Late in the compression stroke fuel is injected directly into
the combustion chamber, where it mixes with very hot air.
– This causes the fuel to evaporate and self ignite, causing
combustion to start.
» Combustion is fully developed by TDC and continues at about
constant pressure until fuel injection is complete and the piston
has started towards BDC, refer figure12.
Figure12:Fuel injection and combustion followed by Expansion stroke .
Figure13: Exhaust stroke followed by exhaust blowdown.
• Expansion/Power stroke : The power stroke continues
as combustion ends and the piston travels towards
BDC, refer figure 12.
– Exhaust blowdown same as with an SI engine.
• Exhaust stroke : Same as with an SI engine, refer
figure 13.
• With the analogy of human metabolism one can explain
combustion of engine:
– Human metabolism = Oxidization of food converts
chemical energy into Mechanical energy.
• Food = fuel
• Oxygen=air
• Optimum air fuel ratio leads to optimum engine
performance = Balanced diet leads to healthy
human life.
• Cooling of engine via water, air or any coolant
to maintain its temperature = Human body
maintains its temperature by perspiration,
sweating.
 2-Stroke Engine

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 2nd downward stroke (TDC to
1st
upward stroke (BDC to
BDC): Combine Power and Exhaust
TDC): Combine Suction and
stroke (also mixture transfers from
Compression stroke
crankcase to combustion chamber
through transport port)
1st Stroke (upstroke)
(Combine Suction and Compression
Stroke) :

• Initially charge (Petrol+Air OR Air) is

filled in both crankcase and
combustion chamber.
• Initially assume piston is at BDC and
travels towards TDC, where piston
uncovers (opens) the inlet port and
petrol-air mixture comes in crankcase
• Simultaneously Piston covers the
exhaust and transfer port (while BDC
to TDC movement) and thus the charge
above piston gets compressed.
2nd Stroke (down-stroke)
(Combine power (expansion) and
exhaust Stroke) :

• During 2nd stroke piston is now at TDC

and travels to BDC, the compressed
charge ignites due to spark (in case of
SI engine) or high temperature of
compression air (in case of CI engine).
• Due to combustion, chemical energy of
charge converts into heat energy and it
pushes piston towards BDC.
• Simultaneously piston uncovers the
exhaust port and thus exhaust gases
escapes into environment.
• Moreover, piston uncovers the
transport port so fresh charge from
crankcase comes into combustion
chamber.
 Comparison of 2-stroke & 4-Stroke Engine
Description 4-Stroke 2-Stroke
No of stroke Four piston stroke Two piston stroke
Rotation of Two revolution for one One revolution for one power
crankshaft power stroke/cycle stroke/cycle
Number of power n = N/2 n=N
stroke per min (n)
Power Power developed at Power developed with each rotation
alternate rotation of of crankshaft
crankshaft
Flywheel Heavier flywheel as power Lighter flywheel as power
generated once during four generated once during two stroke or
stroke or two revolution of one revolution of crankshaft
crankshaft
Size of engine for Larger, heavier, and more Compact, lighter, and less space
same power space
Induction of charge Directly enters into cylinder First enters into crankcase and then
during suction transfers into engine cyclinder
 Comparison of 2-stroke & 4-Stroke Engine
Description 4-Stroke 2-Stroke
Valves Inlet and exhaust valves Inlet and exhaust ports in place of
valves
Thermal Efficiency Thermal efficiency is higher Lower as some amount of fresh
charge from transfer port directly
goes out into exhaust port
Mechanical Low because of more High because of less number of
Efficiency number of moving parts moving parts
Application Used for high power Used for low power applications
applications. E.g. mopeds, scooters, motors, cars,
E.g. cars, trucks, tractors, etc.
buses etc.

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 Comparison of S.I & C.I Engine
Description S.I. Engines C.I. Engines
Basic Cycle Based on Otto Cycle Based on Diesel Cycle
Fuel Petrol, Diesel,
Fuel during suction Air-Petrol mixture is sucked Only Air is sucked inside the
stroke inside cylinder cylinder during suction stroke
Mixing of fuel&air Carburetor is used Fuel injector is used
Ignition Ignites with the help of Self-Ignition due to high temp. of
spark plug. compressed air due to compression
Compression ratio 6 to 12 16 to 22
Efficiency Lower due or lower Higher due to higher compression
compression ratio ratio
Speed High RPM Lower RPM.
Weight Lighter Heavier
Starting Low cranking effort High cranking effort
Noise Less More
 Applications of S.I & C.I Engine

APPLICATION OF S.I. & C.I. ENGINES.

S.I. Engines :-

Small 2 stroke petrol engines is used where low cost of prime

mover is main consideration. Ex- moped.
4 Stroke S.I. engines are used in Automobiles & Mobile gen. Set.

C.I. Engines :-
Two stroke C.I. engine is used where very high power diesel
engines for ship propulsion.
Four stroke C.I. engine is used for all the Heavy Engineering
Machines