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Inke Malahayati Prodi Kebidanan Pematangsiantar

This document discusses various models and techniques for reflective practice in nursing and midwifery. It defines reflective practice as a continuous learning process involving reflection on experiences to improve future practice. It describes Gibbs' reflective cycle involving description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion, and action plan. It also outlines Johns' model involving description of the experience, reflection, influencing factors, and how the situation could have been handled better. Rolfe's framework involves reflection on what happened, so what it means, and now what needs to be done. The benefits of reflective practice for individuals and clients are improved evidence-based care, avoidance of routine practice, focus on the individual client, and identification of learning needs.

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100% found this document useful (1 vote)
223 views34 pages

Inke Malahayati Prodi Kebidanan Pematangsiantar

This document discusses various models and techniques for reflective practice in nursing and midwifery. It defines reflective practice as a continuous learning process involving reflection on experiences to improve future practice. It describes Gibbs' reflective cycle involving description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion, and action plan. It also outlines Johns' model involving description of the experience, reflection, influencing factors, and how the situation could have been handled better. Rolfe's framework involves reflection on what happened, so what it means, and now what needs to be done. The benefits of reflective practice for individuals and clients are improved evidence-based care, avoidance of routine practice, focus on the individual client, and identification of learning needs.

Uploaded by

Inke Malahayati
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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Inke Malahayati

Prodi Kebidanan Pematangsiantar


Definisi
• “kepentingan unggulan untuk
Emden (in perawat […] dan untuk menjadi
Gray & praktisi yang reflektif , menunjukkan
kematangan profesional dan
Pratt, 1991, komitmen yang kuat untuk
p. 335) meningkatkan praktik, aspirasi yang
wajar untuk setiap perawat terdaftar.

• sarana yang profesional untuk


McGill & mengembangkan “kemampuan untuk
Brockbank terus terlibat dalam dialog kritis
tentang kegiatan profesional, secara
(2004, p. individu dan dengan orang lain” dan
94) sebagai sebuah proses reflektif yang
menetap dan berlanjut.
REFLECTIVE PRACTICE
aksi cara belajar melalui
berkelanjut-an pengalaman sendiri
yang secara untuk memperbaiki pondasi/ dasar
langsung cara bekerja dari refleksi
mempenga- selanjutnya. Berguna dan
ruhi seseorang untuk profesional pembelajar-an
yang bekerja kesehatan yang ingin reflektif
sebagai melanjutkan belajar
praktisi sepanjang hidup
Gibbs' reflective cycle
Description
(What
Action plan happen?)
Feelings
(If it arose
(What were
again, what
you thinking
would you
do?) and feeling?)

Conclution Evaluation
(What else (What was good
could you and bad about
have done?) Analysis the experience?)
(What sense
can you
make of the
situation?)
Gibb's reflective cycle is a process
involving six steps:

 Description - What happened?


 Feelings - What did you think and feel about it?
 Evaluation - What were the positives and negatives?
 Analysis - What sense can you make of it?
 Conclusion - What else could you have done?
 Action Plan - What will you do next time?
Johns' model for structured reflection

Reflection

Description Influencing
of the factors
experience

Could I have
Lear- dealt with it
ning better
Johns Model of Reflection
Description of the experience
 Describe the experience and what were the significant factors?
Reflection
 What was I trying to achieve and what are the consequences?
Influencing factors
 What things like internal/external/knowledge affected my
decision making?
Could I have dealt with it better
 What other choices did I have and what were those
consequences?
Learning
 What will change because of this experience and how did I feel
about the experience
 How has this experience changed my ways of knowing
o Empirics – scientific
o Ethics – moral knowledge
o Personal – self awareness
o Aesthetics – the art of what we do, our own experiences
Rolfe’s framework for
reflective practice

Now
what What

So what
Rolfe’s framework for reflective practice

 What ...is the problem? ...was my role? ...happened?


...were the consequences?

 So what ...was going through my mind? ...should I


have done? ...do I know about what happened now?

 Now what ...do I need to do? ...broader issues have


been raised? ...might happen now?
Keuntungan reflective practice bagi
individu

 Meyakinkan anda memberikan asuhan berbasis bukti


 Menghindari praktik rutin
 Berfokus pada klien sebagai individu daripada kasus
 Memaksimalkan kesempatan belajar mengidentifikasi
kekurangan pada pengetahuan dan keterampilan sendiri
 Mengidentifikasi kebutuhan belajar
 Menilai ‘praktik baik’ sendiri
 Mengembangkan praktik sendiri secara kontinu
 Mengembangkan kemampuan dasar sendiri secara kontinu
 Menciptakan ‘teori praktik’ sendiri
Keuntungan reflective practice untuk
klien

 Menerima kualitas asuhan yang lebih baik


 Asuhan bersifat individual dan berbasis bukti berasal
dari kebutuhan klien
 Standar keselamatan klien yang lebih baik
 Memperbaiki pengambilan keputusan
 Asuhan menggunakan pengetahuan terkini
 Mengurangi sejumlah kecelakaan klien yang buruk
(mis: kesalahan obat, kesalahan prosedur operasi,
jatuh)
 Lebih percaya kepada praktisi kesehatan
Keterbatasan reflective practice

 Tidak semua praktisi mengerti proses refleksi


 Merasa tidak nyaman dengan perubahan dan
mengevaluasi praktik sendiri
 Dapat menghabiskan banyak waktu
 Bingung dengan situasi/pengalaman yang
direnungkan
 Kurang adekuat untuk memecahkan masalah klinik
THE REFLECTIVE PROCESS
(Jasper, 2006)
Experience

Change in
Reflection behaviour/
action

Learning
Experience
 pengetahuan yang yang dipelajari pada
tingkat tersier (epistemologi) dan apa yang
dipelajari di dan selama proses kerja
keperawatan/kebidanan (pengetahuan
pengalaman).

 Dibedakan menjadi: ‘reflection in’ dan


‘reflection on’
 Schon merujuk proses ini sebagai
propositional knowledge and knowing in
action (1982, p. 59),
 “Reflection in“ : pengalaman yang terjadi ketika
individu terlibat dalam proses, mengacu pada
pengetahuan yang ada pada bidan untuk
memecahkan masalah dalam situasi tersebut.
 “Reflection on” terjadi setelah proses tersebut, sebagai
cara untuk terlibat dalam proses pembelajaran
kontinual.

“Reflection in”  memerlukan keterampilan


yang lebih canggih;

“Reflection on”  terjadi pada praktisi siswa


dan pemula
Reflection
 Diawali dengan “reflection in action”, praktisi
membuat keputusan setiap hari, bercermin pada
kesesuaian respons dan terus bekerja.
 “Reflection in action” mengarah pada “reflection on
action”, titik dimana perawat/bidan sebagai praktisi,
memerlukan waktu untuk mengakui kenangan
mereka sendiri, emosi dan untuk melihat praktik
mereka sendiri  tempat belajar
 Pembelajaran ini mempengaruhi lingkungan kerja
dan membawa manfaat bagi perawat/bidan dan
pasien mereka (Brockbank & McGill, 2006, pp. 95-
99).
Learning
 Teori transformatif didasarkan pada premis
bahwa tidak begitu banyak apa yang terjadi
pada orang tetapi bagaimana mereka
menafsirkan dan menjelaskan apa yang
terjadi pada mereka yang menentukan
tindakan, harapan, kepuasan dan
kesejahteraan emosional dan kinerja mereka
(Mezirow, 1991, )
 Dasar transformasi konstruktivis
pembelajaran orang dewasa adalah
mengatasi keterbatasan, gangguan dan
sewenang-wenang karena mode
persepsi dan kognisi melalui refleksi
pada asumsi yang salah dan tidak kritis
diterima sebelumnya (Mezirow, 1991,
hal. 5).
REFLECTIVE TECHNIQUES
BORTON’S FRAMEWORK
 What….
 …Is the problem that I am facing?
 …Role was I in during this incident?
 …Am I trying to achieve?
 …Appropriate actions did I/did I not take?
 …Was my response to the incident and that of others?
 …Were the consequences for all involved?
 …Feelings did this incident evoke for all involved?
 …Was viewed as a positive or negative outcome of this
incident?
 So what…..
 …Does this incident tell/teach me about me, my patient and
others? …Does this mean about me, my patient and others?
 …Does this mean about our working relationship?
 …Does this mean about the model of care that I am using, my
attitudes and those of my patients?
 …Was I thinking of as I acted?
 …Did I base my responses on?
 …Other knowledge can I bring to this incident: experiential,
personal, scientific?
 …Could/should I have done to make it better?
 …Is my understanding of the situation?
 …Other issues arise from this incident?
 Now What….
 …Do I need to do in order to improve my
nursing practice and patients care?
 …Do I need to do to resolve the negative
outcomes from this incident? …Can I do to
enhance the positive outcomes of this incident?
 …Broader issues need to be considered if action
on this incident is to be successful?
 …Might be the potential consequences of this
action, both negative and positive?
REFLECTIVE PRACTICE STRATEGIES
 Journaling
 critical incident analysis
 Clinical supervision
 Poetry
 letter writing
 story telling
 photography
 creative arts.
Journaling
 Find an environment where you will not be disturbed
and get comfortable.
 In a book using one side of the page write a descriptive
account of the incident that is being examined.
 Leave the other side of the page for later reflection and
comments.
 Be as vivid and descriptive as possible. Include your
remembrances of emotion, thoughts and reactions to
what happened.
 If you feel it needed include pictures, diagrams and
drawings to help prompt your memory at a later date.
Critical incident analysis
 Describe the incident under review. Be clear and
concise.
 Outline the reasoning for the choice of this
incident and why you feel it is in need of review.
 Identify any issues relating to this incident that
stand out more than others.
 Reflect on those points and decide within your own
mind your involvement, the involvement of others,
any ethical or moral issues that need addressing,
and the rational for any action to be taken.
5WH Technique
 ‘What’ questions help with the selection of the
incident to be written about or reflected upon.
 “Why’ questions focus attention onto the importance
of reflecting on this incident.
 ‘When’ questions attempt the planning of an
appropriate time for reflection.
 ‘Where’ questions the availability of needed
equipment and space.
 ‘Who’ questions the need for someone else’s
involvement.
 ‘How’ questions the learning achieved from the
reflective incident (Jasper, 2006, pp. 69 - 72).
Tipe refleksi
Technical reflection
 Berdasarkan rasional dan metode ilmiah, berpikir
deduktif, memungkinkan untuk menghasilkan dan
memvalidasi pengetahuan empiris melalui cara-cara
yang ketat, sehingga yakin bahwa prosedur kerja
didasarkan pada penalaran ilmiah.
 mengembangkan metode obyektif untuk bekerja
keluar, bagaimana untuk membuat kebijakan dan
prosedur yang lebih baik, dengan mengekspos masalah
pekerjaan teknis untuk pertanyaan sistematis dan
argumentasi yang koheren dan revisi.
 Contoh: ingin memperbarui prosedur, atau
berdebat apakah kebijakan masih sesuai

  Refleksi teknis memberikan


pengetahuan dan keterampilan berpikir
kritis dan menyediakan kerangka kerja
untuk ditanyai, yang menghasilkan suatu
tujuan, posisi juga berpendapat untuk
mendukung setiap adaptasi dan perbaikan
yang diperlukan
Practical reflection
 mengarah ke interpretasi untuk deskripsi dan penjelasan
interaksi manusia dalam kehidupan sosial.
 untuk meningkatkan cara berkomunikasi dengan orang
lain di tempat kerja, sehingga meningkatkan kenikmatan
latihan dan hasil.
 Contoh: mengidentifikasi pola komunikasi disfungsional
dengan staf lain, seperti rekan-rekan, dokter dan staf lain.
 Refleksi praktis menyediakan proses interogasi yang
sistematis yang mendorong untuk merefleksikan secara
mendalam pada hubungan peran, untuk mencari dinamika
dan isu-isu kebiasaan, sehingga perubahan dapat dibuat
untuk meningkatkan komunikasi.
Emancipatory reflection
 mengarah ke 'tindakan transformatif', yang berusaha untuk
membebaskan dari asumsi “mengambil-untuk-diberikan”
dan kekuatan yang menindas, yang membatasi diri dan
praktek.
 Memungkinkan melihat apa kekuatan dan keadaan yang
menahan dari mencapai tujuan.
 Contoh: mengidentifikasi ketidakberdayaan di tempat kerja
dalam kaitannya dengan pengambilan keputusan klinis
dalam pekerjaan Anda.
 Refleksi emansipatoris menyediakan proses interogasi yang
sistematis untuk membantu menemukan dasar dari
masalah, mengidentifikasi kendala dan mulai mengatasi
masalah, baik sendiri atau melalui tindakan kolaboratif
dengan perawat atau bidan lainnya.
Bibliography
 Masson, Rowena and Williams , Ann Katherine.
Reflective Practice And The National Continuing
Competency Framework. Australian Nursing and
Midwifery Council (ANMC) for a National Continuing
Competence (NCC) Framework. 2010, p. 32-35.
Practical Story
Mary, aged 35 years, had been a homebirth midwife
for two years, having left the hospital system to engage
in independent practice. She loved her work, revelled in
the ways he facilitated natural birth and enjoyed being
present with families to assist the process. She was
attentive to all of the aspects of antenatal care,
monitoring the progress of pregnancy, getting to know
the woman and her significant others and preparing
them all as a cohesive group for the birth of the baby.
Mary worked long hours to maintain a supportive
presence during the birthing process and did not leave
to go home until all aspects of care had been
completed. She literally ‘turned herself inside out’ to do
everything possible to be the best midwife she could
possibly be.
At 1 a.m. one morning she was called to the home of Susan, a
30-year-old multigravida she had known and cared for
throughout her entire pregnancy. When she arrived at 1.30
Susan’s membranes had ruptured some five minutes before and
she said she noticed a soft feeling between her legs. When Mary
looked she noticed a prolapsed umbilical cord and immediately
lifted Susan’s hips onto two pillows to relieve pressure on the
cord. Mary ascertained that Susan was in early labour and
needed transfer to the local hospital, where she was well known
and respected and had adjunct arrangements for emergency
care of homebirthing mothers. Due to her quick thinking and
action, Susan’s baby survived and had good Apgar scores at one
and five minutes after birth. Even so, Mary was terrified of the
possible consequences for the baby had she not arrived sooner
and she seriously considered giving up homebirth midwifery
and returning to the hospital system.
Tugas
1. Bacalah dengan seksama pengalaman praktek
yang dialami oleh bidan Mary
2. Amatilah hal-hal positif dan benar dari
tindakan yang telah dilakukan Bidan Mary
3. Berdasarkan kasus Bidan Mary susunlah
reflective practice menurut Gibb’s cycle (no
absen 1-7), Jhon’s model (no absen 8-16) , Jasper
(no absen 17-24) dan Rolfe’s (no absen 25-
29)frame work for reflective practice.
4. Tugas ini dikumpulkan tgl 13 Nopember 2017
jam 16.00 WIB
5. Sumber : buku min 3, internet maks: 2

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