A Story: Gio, Latif, and the Laksa

• Gio - from Cebu, is a second year international

affairs student who obtained funding to join in an
international Model UN competition in Sydney,
Austrilia where he made a lot of friends and came
friends with Latif from Malaysian team.
• Upon discovering that Gio came from the
Philippines, Latif lift up and declared she was big
fan of Jericho and Kristine of Pangako Sayo.
• Gio started asking questions about Malaysia as
Latif knew a lot about the Philippines a lot.
• Latif shared that she likes most the food in
Malaysia. In Malaysia they can find Chinese,
Indian, and Malay cuisines which are enjoyed by
locals and tourists.
• The reasons of the assortment of the food was
because of the British Colonization.
• British did little change to Malaysian Society but
they brought in Chinese laborers to work in the
rubber plantation and tin mines.
• They also brought Indians to help manage the
bureaucracy and serve the initial professional
core of a potential middle class.
• The next day, Latif took Gio to a Malaysian
Restaurant and was surprised that Malaysian
food was readily available in Sydney – this is
because of Malaysian students studying in
Sydney.
• after the meal, Gio and Latif went to a café
and ordered “flat whites”- an espresso drink
which is usually served in Australia and New
Zealand. Both knew “flat whites” since there
were Australian-inspired cafes in Kuala
Lumpur and Cebu.
• After the competition, both still stay in touch
through Facebook and Instagram. They
congratulated each other with their
achievements.
• Latif also sent her mother’s recipe to Gio and
latter started cooking Malaysian food.
• Gio moved to Singapore. He saw Latif posted a
photo that she is in Singapore. Gio messaged
Latif, and she immediately reply saying that she
also moved to Singapore.
• And the two started seeing each other in
Singapore, enjoying different cuisines and
culture.
Globalization is not affecting everyone in the same way.

• There are young women recruited in the internet as

“mail-order brides” for foreign men and end-up as
sexual and domestic servants in foreign country.
• Some were even sold to gangs which run prostitute.
• Foreign investments allowed by the government to
operate inside the country result to force labor, and
poor people are forcibly removed from their slums
for the construction of factory or industrial sites.
Globalization
The expansion and intensification
of social relations and consciousness
across world-time and world-space.
- Manfred Steger
Expansion
• Refers to creation of new social networks and
multiplication of existing connections that cut
across traditional political, economic, cultural,
and geographic boundaries.

e.g.
• Social media, establish new global
connections between people.
• NGO networks that connect to specific groups.
Intensification
• Refers to the expansion, stretching, and
acceleration of these networks.
• Not only are global connections multiplying, but
they are also becoming more closely-knit and
expanding their reach.
e.g.
• Strong market financial market connecting
London and New York. With the advent of
electronic trading, the volume of trade increases
since they can trade more at higher speed.
• What are negative effects of globalization to
trading?
Time and Space
• People begin to feel that the world has
become a smaller place and distance has
collapsed from thousands of miles to just
a muse-click away.
Different kind of globalization occur on multiple and
intersecting dimensions of integration that
Anthropologist Arjun Appadurai calls “Scapes”:

• Ethnoscapes
• Technoscapes
• Mediascapes
• Financescapes
• Ideoscapes
Ethnoscapes
- Global movement of people

Mediascapes
- Flow of culture

Technoscapes
- Circulation of mechanical goods and software

Financescapes
- Global circulation of money

Ideoscapes
- The realm where political ideas move around
The Globalization of World Economics
According to International Monetary Fund (IMF)
“Economic Globalization” – is the historical process
representing the result of human innovation and
technological progress.

It is characterized by the increasing integration of

economies around the world through the
movement of goods, services, and capital across
borders. – supercomputers can execute millions of
stock purchases and sales between different cities.
 International Trading Systems
Silk Road - the oldest known international trade
route. It is a network pathways in the ancient
world that spanned from China to Middle East
and Europe.

“all important populated continents began to

exchange products continuously – both with
each other directly and indirectly via other
continents.” – Dennis O. Flynn and Arturo Giraldez.
• Galleon trade – primarily in Europe, competed
with one another to sell more goods as a
means to boost their country’s income.
• Imposed high tariffs
• Restricted trade routes
 The Bretton Woods System
• Started the global financial institutions that
would promote economic interdependence
and prosperity.
• Bretton Woods System was largely influenced
by the ideas of British Economist – JOHN
MAYNARD KEYNES.
 John Maynard Keynes
• Believed that economic crises occur not when a
country does not have enough money, but when
money is not being spent and, thereby, not
moving.
• When economies slow down, governments have
to reinvigorate markets with infusions of capital.
• This active role of governments in managing
spending served as the anchor for what would be
called a system of – GLOBAL KEYNESIANISM
• Delegates at Bretton Woods agreed to create two
financial institution.
1. International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (IBRD or the World Bank) –
responsible for funding postwar
reconstruction projects.
2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) – the
global lender of the last resort to prevent
individual countries from spiralling into
credit crises. If economic growth in a
country slowed down because there was
not enough money to stimulate the
economy, IMF would step in.
 General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT)
• Main purpose was to reduce
tariffs and other hindrances to
free trade.
• With Keynesianism:
–Government poured money into their
economies.
–Allows people to purchase more
goods.
–Increase demands for theses products.
• As demand increase, so did the prices of
these goods.
• Companies earned more and would have
money to hire workers.
• However, in the early 1970s, prices of oil rose
sharply as a result of the Organization of Arab
Petroleum Exporting Countries or OPEC
imposition of an embargo response to the
decision of US and other countries to resupply
the Israeli military with the needed arms.
• In which it resulted to Stagflation or a decline in
economic growth and employment, along side a
sharp increase in prices.
 Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman
• They argued that the governments’ practice of
pouring money into their economies had
caused inflation by increasing demands for
goods without necessarily increasing supply.
• They also argued that government
intervention in economies distort the proper
functioning of the market.
 Neoliberalism
• Became codified strategy of the United
States Treasury Department, WB, IMF,
WTO.
• Washington Consensus – dominated
global economic policies from 1980s until
the early 2000s. Its advocates pushed for
minimal government spending to reduce
government debt.
• They also called for the privatization of
government – controlled services like
water, power, communication, and
transport believing that free market can
produce the best results.
• Lastly, they pressured governments,
particularly in the developing world, to
reduce tariffs and open up their
economies, arguing that it is the quickest
way to progress.
US President and British Prime Minister justified their
reduction in government spending by comparing national
economies to households.

The problem with Household Analogy is that

• Governments are not households
• Government can print money, while households cannot
• Taxation systems of governments provide them a
steady flow of income that allows them to pay and
refinance debts steadily.
International Economic Integration
• Is a central tenet of globalization.
• As a reminder, economics is just one window
into the phenomenon of globalization; it is not
the entire thing.
 A HISTORY OF
GLOBAL POLITICS:
CREATING AN
INTERNATIONAL
ORDER
• World politics has four key attributes.
1. There are countries or states that are
independent and govern themselves.
2. These countries interact with each other
through diplomacy.
3. There are international organizations, like
UN, that facilitate these interactions.
4. Beyond simply facilitating meetings
between states, international
organizations also take lives of their own.
 Interstate System
• Treaty of Westphalia – a set of agreements signed
in 1648 to end the Thirty Years’ War between the
major continental powers of Europe.
– After the brutal religious war between Catholics and
Protestants, the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, France,
Sweden, and the Dutch Republic designed a system
that would avert wars in the future by recognizing that
the treaty signers exercise complete control over
domestic affairs and swear not to meddle in each
other’s affairs .
 Internationalism

• Liberal Internationalism
• Socialist Internationalism
 Liberal Internationalism
• Immanuel Kant – a German Philosopher, who
argued that there must be a world
government to govern each states.
– Therefore, states, like citizens of countries, must
give up some freedoms and “establish a
continuously growing state consisting of various
nations which will ultimately include the nations
of the world.”
• Jeremy Bentham – advocate the creation
of “International Law” that would govern
the inter-state relations. Bentham
believed that objective global legislators
should aim to propose legislation that
would create “the greatest happiness of
all nations taken together”.
 Socialist Internationalism
• Karl Max – did not divide world into countries
but into classes.
– Capitalist Class – referred to the owners of
factories, companies, and other means of
production
– Proletariat Class – are those who did not own the
means of production, but instead, worked for the
capitalists.
THE UNITED NATIONS AND
CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL
GOVERNANCE
• No organization can militarily compel a state to
obey predetermined global rules.
– Respect each other global boundaries.
– States in an international order continue to adhere to
certain global norms despite of the lack of a single
world government.
• There are many form of global governance:
– States sign treaties;
– form organization
– NGO, can lobby individual states to behave in a certain
way (can pressure the government to pass laws)
– Transnational corporations can have tremendous
effects on global labor laws, and etc.
What is an International Organization?
• WB, UN, IMF
• Groups that are primarily made up of
member-states.
• Can become influential as independent
organization.
• International relations scholars Michael N. Barnett
and Martha Finnemore listed the following powers of
IOs.
– IOs power of classification, they create powerful
global standards (e.g. they define what a refugee
is, in which establish identity)
– Power to fix meanings, broader function related to
the first.
• States, organizations, and individuals view IOs as a
legitimate source of information.
• The meanings they create have effects on various
policies. E.g. Security are not just safety from military
violence, but also from environmental harm.
• Finally, IO’s have the power to diffuse norms.
– They spread their ideas across the world, thereby
establishing global standards.

Example, WB economist come to be regarded as

experts in development and thus carry some form of
authority. They can, therefore, create norms
regarding the implementation and conceptualization
of development projects.

• IO’s can promote relevant norms like

environmental protection and human rights.
 United Nations
• Five active organs:
– General Assembly
• Main deliberative policy making and representative
organ.
– Security Council
• Take the lead in determining the existence of a threat
to the peace or an act of aggression.
– Economic and Social Council
• The principal body for coordination, policy review,
policy dialogue, and recommendations on social and
environmental issues.
– International Court of Justice
– Secretary-General
 Quiz
• Napoleon Bonaparte defeated where and
when?
• What is Napoleonic code
• A British philosopher who coined the word
“international” in 1780
• Four key attributes of World Politics,
• These countries interact with each other
through diplomacy.
• There are countries or states that are
independent and govern themselves.
• There are international organizations, like UN,
that facilitate these interactions.
• According to Benedic Anderson, A nation is an
imagined community.
• UN was created to : To avert global
depression ; To prevent another global war; To
formulate another organization after the
collapse of League of Nations
 • States
• A State is an imagined community
• A State governs a specific territory
• A State exercises authority over its people
• Regionalization is a sort of counter-
globalization. Regional organization prefer
regional partners over the rest and respond to
the states’ attempt to reduced the perceived
negative effects of globalization.
• Regional development have affected and
fuelled regionalization everywhere else in a
sort of contagion or domino effect.
 Globalization and Regionalization
• Globalization – GLOBAL
• Regionalization – REGIONAL
• Region – group of countries in the same
geographically specified area. (Mansfield and
Milner,1999)
• Regionalization – societal integration and the
often undirected process of social and economic
interaction. (Hurrrel, 2007)
• Regionalism – the formal process of
intergovernmental collaboration between two or
more states. (Ravenhill, 2008)
• Security – maintain peace and order
• Economic cooperation within the region.

• By entering in regional organizations, Asian states

may regain control over some flows of capital and
enhance their bargaining power against
Transnational Corporations (TNCs). (De Martino
and Grabel, 2003)
• Domestic companies may benefit and protected
from global competition.
 Globalization of Religion
• Religions have spread and scattered on a
global scale.
• According to Scholte (2005), “Accelerated
globalization of recent times has enabled co-
religionists across the planet to have greater
direct contact with one another - this allowed
ideas of the Muslims and Christians, to be
given concrete shape as never before.
 Media

Information
Transportation RELIGION technologies

Religion rely on the dissemination of their religious ideas.

• Websites
• Television channels
• Radio stations
• Print media
• Modern transportation (for example, Muslims were able to
travel to Mecca and return with their reformist ideas)
 Challenge
• Religion are being challenged by globalization.
Religion often also been partly taking
defensive action to globalization.
• Globalization is also associated with
Westernization and Americanization. The
dominance exerted by these two processes,
makes religion-related culture and identities
take defensive measures to protect
themselves.
Global Population and
Mobility
 Global City
• Cities were the key within the global networks
of production, finance, and
telecommunications. Cities are seen as
building blocks of globalization.
 • Forced to move in
Categories the hope that their
circumstances will
of VAGABONDS improve.
M • Refugees, Asylum
I seekers, OFW’s
G • On the move
R because they want
to be and they can
A Tourist afford it.
N
T
S
Global
Migration
 ASYLUM
REFUGEES OFW’s
SEEKERS

Forced to flee Are refugees They are

their home who seek to forced to go
countries due remain in the abroad for
to safety country to better
concerns. which they opportunities.
flee.
 PUSH FACTORS
* Lack of opportunities in home countries
* Political persecution
* Economic depression
* War
* Famine
 PULL FACTORS
• Works available
• Favorable immigration policy
• Labor shortage
• Similarity of culture and
language
• Labor Migration – mainly involves the flow of less-
skilled and unskilled workers, as well as illegal
immigrants who live on the margins of the host
society.

Restrictions or Barriers
• Loss parts of the workforce
• Can cause conflict with locals residents
• Concerns with terrorism

“ State may seek to control the migration”