STOICHIOMETRY

ARLAINE CHARISE G. GOTOC

 MOLECULAR MASS
1. What is the molecular mass of carbon dioxide, CO2?
2. Determine the molecular mass of the following
molecules:
a. Water, H2O
b. Methane, CH4
 FORMULA MASS
1. What is the formula mass of sodium chloride, NaCl?
2. What is the formula mass of magnesium chloride,
MgCl2?
 ASSIGNMENT:
1. Vitamins and minerals are nutrients for the body. An
example of a vitamin is Vitamin C. Look up the molecular
formula of Vitamin C and determine its average molecular
mass. What is another common name for Vitamin C? Give at
least one important use of Vitamin C in the body.
2. Minerals include potassium, calcium, iron, and zinc. Look up
the average atomic mass of calcium, Ca. Give at least one
important use of Ca in the body.
THE MOLE
 What do chemists
observe every
October 23, from
6:02 am to 6:02 pm?
 What is a mole?
•A special unit of measure
•the amount of substance that contains as many
entities as there are in exactly 12 g of C-12
What is Avogadro’s number?
The number of atoms in 12 g of C-12 is
experimentally determined to be
6.022 x 23
10 .
a. 1 dozen = 12 entities or units
b. 1 dozen eggs = 12 eggs
c. 1 dozen papayas = 12 papayas
d. 1 dozen cars = 12 cars
e. 1 dozen books = 12 books
f. 1 pair = 2 entities
g. 1 gross = 12 dozens = 144 entities
h. 1 ream = 500 entities
i. 1 mole = 6.022 x 1023 entities = 6.022 x 1023 of anything
1. How many eggs are there in one mole of eggs?
2. How many mongo beans are there in one mole of
mongo beans?
3. How many sodium atoms are there in 1 mole of Na
atoms?
4. Calculate the number of atoms of argon in 0.500
moles Ar?
How many moles of Co are there in
25
4.960 x 10 atoms of Co?
How many molecules of carbon dioxide, CO2,
are there in 2.648 moles CO2?
How many atoms of oxygen are
there in 2.648 moles CO2?

3.189 x 10 24 o atoms
 Determine the number of moles of
ammonia, NH3, in 8.254 x 1025 molecules of
ammonia.

137.1 moles NH3

 Molar Mass
• the mass in grams of one mole of a substance.
• One mole of C-12 has a mass of exactly 12 g and contains 6.022 x 1023
C-12 atoms.
Notes:
1. The appropriate unit for molar mass is g/mol
2. The molar mass in grams is numerically equal to the atomic mass in
amu. The molar mass in grams is numerically equal to the molecular
mass or the formula mass in amu.
1. What is the average atomic mass of Ca? What is
the molar mass of Ca?
2. The atomic mass of Br is 79.90 amu. What is its
molar mass?
3. The molecular mass of water, H2O, is 18.02
amu. What is the molar mass of water, H2O?
4. The formula mass of NaCl is 58.44 amu. What is
the molar mass of NaCl?
One mole of C-12 has a mass of exactly 12 g and
one mole of C-12 has Avogadro’s number of
atoms. Calculate the mass of one atom of C-12
in grams.
Calculate the mass in grams of 1 amu.

1 amu = 1.661 x -24

10 g
1. Determine the molar mass of silicon, Si.
2. Get the molar mass of zinc, Zn.
3. Which will have a higher mass: 0.500 mole
zinc, Zn, or 0.250 mole lead, Pb?
4. What is the molar mass of benzene, C6H6 ?
5. Find the molar mass of ethanol which has the
following structural formula:

6. What is the molar mass of lithium carbonate, Li2CO3?

SEATWORK:
1. How many grams of silver, Ag, are there in 1.34 moles?
2. How many moles of copper, Cu, are there in 875 g Cu?
3. A bottle of calcium supplements in tablet form contains
268 g Ca. How many atoms
are present in 268 g calcium, Ca?
4. What is the mass in grams of 2.06 x 1023 atoms of
potassium, K?
5. Which has more atoms? 3.68 g neon atoms or 1.10 g
sodium atoms?
1. How many grams of silver, Ag, are there in
1.34 moles?

2. How many moles of copper, Cu, are there

in 875 g Cu?
 3. A bottle of calcium supplements in tablet form
contains 268 g Ca. How many atoms are present in
268 g calcium, Ca?

4. What is the mass in grams of 2.06 x 1023 atoms

of potassium, K?
5. Which has more atoms? 3.68 g neon
atoms or 1.10 g sodium atoms?
PERCENT
COMPOSITION AND
CHEMICAL FORMULAS
 OBJECTIVES:
a. Interpret the information provided by the chemical formula
b. Explain the procedure used to determine the percent
composition of a compound
c. Explain the procedure used to determine the empirical
formula of a compound given the percent composition
d. Utilize molar mass data to obtain the molecular formula
from the empirical formula
Why did you choose STEM?

What course are you going

to take/get in college?
What information can be
obtained from a chemical
formula?
What information can you get
from the formula of carbon
dioxide, CO2?
What is percent composition by mass?

with n = the number of atoms of the element

For example CO2
1. Calculate the percent composition of NaCl.
2. The chemical formula of glucose is C6H12O6.
Determine its percent composition.
3. Which element comprising Mg(OH)2 has
the highest percentage by mass?
 Empirical Formula from
Percent Composition
A compound is found to consist of 7.81% C and 92.19%
Cl. What is the empirical formula of the compound?
1. The grams are converted to moles to get the ratios of
the moles of the elements in the compound:
 The compound is C0.650Cl2.601

The empirical formula is C Cl or CCl .

1 4 4
A compound is found to consist of 43.64% P and
56.36% O. The molar mass for the compound is
283.88 g/mol. What is the empirical formula and
molecular formula of the compound?
Compare the mass of the empirical formula to
the molar mass:
Mass of P2O5 = 141.94 g/mol
Molar mass = 283.88 g/mol

Therefore, the molecular formula is (P O ) or P O

2 5 2 4 10
 Seatwork: Answer the following accordingly. Show
calculations.
1. What is the % C in aspirin by mass in aspirin?
2. What is the % O in aspirin by mass in aspirin?
3. An oxide of chromium is made up of 5.20 g chromium and 5.60
g oxygen. What is the empirical formula of the oxide?
4. An oxide of nitrogen contains 63.1% oxygen and has a molar
mass of 76.0 g/mol. What is the empirical formula for this
compound?
5. What is the molecular formula of the compound?
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
and
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
 Objectives:
a. Write and balance chemical equations
b. Derive pertinent information from a balanced
chemical equation
c. Determine whether a chemical reaction has occurred
or not
d. Classify chemical reactions
 Keywords:
a. Chemical equation g. Single displacement
b. Reactant reaction
c. Product h. Double displacement
reaction
d. Aqueous
i. Combustion reaction
e. Decomposition reaction
j. Hydrocarbon
f. Synthesis reaction
Chemical reactions are
everywhere!
 State the Law of
Conservation of Mass.
Chemical Equations
 Steps in writing and balancing chemical
equation:
1. Write a formula equation with correct symbols and
formulas.
2. Count the number of atoms of each element on
each side of the arrow.
3. Balance atoms by using coefficients.
4. Check your work by counting atoms of each
element.
H2(g) + Cl2(g) 2 HCl(g)
Reactants Products
H (2) H (2)
Cl (2) Cl (2)
KBr + AgNO
(aq) 3(aq) KNO + AgBr
3(aq) (s)
 Ethane (C2H6) reacts with
oxygen gas (O2) to produce
carbon dioxide and water.
Write the balanced chemical
equation for the reaction.
 Interpretation of a Chemical Equation
H2 + Cl2 2HCl
One molecule + One molecule Two molecules
One mole + One mole Two moles
2 (1.008 g) + 2 (35.45g) 2 (1.008 g + 35.45 g)
2.016 g + 70.90 g 72.92 g
72.92 g 72.92 g
 Interpret:

2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O

What the following have in common?
a. Rusty iron nail
b. Change in color of leaves
c. Bleached hair
 CHEMICAL REACTION EVIDENCES
a. Change in color
b. Formation of a solid (a precipitate)
c. Evolution of gas (bubble formation)
d. Change in temperature (heat is released or
absorbed)
e. Change in odor
a. Change in color
b. Formation of a solid (a precipitate)
c. Evolution of gas (bubble formation)
d. Change in temperature (heat is
released or absorbed)
e. Change in odor
 5 TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTION
1. Decomposition reaction – a reactant breaks down into two
or more products
AB A+B
Li2CO3 Li2O + CO2
2. Synthesis reaction – two or more reactants form a single
product
A+B AB
2NO + O2 2NO2
3. Single displacement reaction – one element
replaces another in a compound
A + BC AC + B
Cu(s) + 2AgNO (aq)
3 Cu(NO ) (aq) + 2Ag(s)
3 2

4. Double displacement – two ionic compounds

exchange ions
AB + CD AD + CB
2KI(aq) + Pb(NO ) (aq)
3 2 2KNO (aq) + PbI (s)
3 2
5. Combustion reaction – a hydrocarbon (a
compound containing carbon and hydrogen) reacts
with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water.

Hydrocarbon + O 2 CO + H O
2 2

2C H + 7O
2 6 2 4CO + 6H O
2 2
 Give examples of chemical
reactions that you observe.
 Why do you need to store
hydrogen peroxide away from
light often in dark colored
bottles?
 Balance the following equations:
1. ____ C + ____ O2 ___ CO
2. ____ Mg + ____ O2 ____ MgO
3. ____ H2O2 ____ H2O + ____ O2
4. ____ CH4 + O2 ____ CO2 + ____ H2O
5. ____ N2O5 _____ N2O4 + _____ O2
1. Hydrogen gas reacts with oxygen gas to produce
water
2. Carbon monoxide gas reacts with oxygen gas to
yield carbon dioxide gas.
3. Liquid dihydrogen dioxide decomposes to produce
water and oxygen gas.
4. A calcium hydroxide solution reacts with a hydrogen
sulfate solution to produce a calcium sulfate
solution and water.
1. FeCl3 + NaOH
2. V2O5 + Ca
3. Fe2O3 + H2
4. Sulfur burns in oxygen to make sulfur
dioxide gas.
5. Copper metal is placed in a solution of
silver nitrate.
QUIZ!
MASS RELATIONSHIPS
IN CHEMICAL
REACTIONS
 OBJECTIVES:
a. Identify mole ratios of reactants and products from balanced
chemical equations
b. Perform stoichiometric calculations related to chemical equations
c. Define theoretical, actual, and percent yield of reactions
d. Calculate theoretical and percent yield of a reaction
e. Identify the limiting and excess reagent(s) of a reaction
f. Calculate reaction yield in the presence of a limiting reagent
KEYWORDS:
a. Stoichiometry
b. Limiting reagent
c. Theoretical yield
d. Actual yield
e. Percent yield
 Let us make sandwiches!
Some learners are going on a road trip and they are
to bring some food to eat along the way.
Karen was asked to bring hamburger sandwiches for
which she will use two slices of bread and
one hamburger patty to make one sandwich.

Two slices of bread + one hamburger patty one hamburger sandwich

 Suppose Karen has 14 hamburger patties, how
many slices of bread will she need to consume all
the patties?

The ratio of slices of bread to hamburger patty is

2: 1.
Suppose that instead of plain burgers, Karen is to make
double cheeseburgers. Show the equation so Karen
can shop for enough ingredients.
Two slices of bread + one hamburger patty + two slices of
cheese one double cheeseburger

How many slices of cheese, hamburger patties, and slices of bread

will Karen need to make 25 double cheeseburgers?
 Karen will therefore have to buy 50 slices of cheese, 25
hamburger patties, and 50 slices of
bread.

Karen will therefore have to buy 50 slices of cheese, 25

hamburger patties, and 50 slices of bread.
Ammonia, NH3, is a leading industrial chemical used in the
production of agricultural fertilizers and synthetic fibers. It is
produced by the reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen gases:

3 H (g) + N (g)
2 2 2 NH (g)3

The balanced equation says that 3 moles H2 are

stoichiometrically equivalent to 1 mole N2 and to 2
moles NH3. The ratio of moles H2 to moles NH3 is 3:2;
the ratio of moles N2 to moles NH3 is 1:2.
a. How many moles of NH will be produced if 10.4
3

moles H react completely with N ? (moles H -

2 2 2

moles NH ) 3

b. How many moles of N2 are needed to produce

42.4 moles NH3? (moles NH3 - moles N2)
C. How many grams of NH will be produced from
3

25.7 moles N (moles N

2 moles NH
2 g NH )
3 3

d. How many grams of NH will be produced if 122 g

3

N reacts completely with H ? (g N

2 2 moles N
2 2

moles NH 3 g NH )
3
Solid lithium hydroxide is used to remove carbon
dioxide and is called a CO scrubber. Thistechnique
2

has been used for space vehicles. How many

grams of CO can be absorbed by 785.0 g LiOH?
2

The reaction is:

2 LiOH(s) + CO (g)
2 Li CO (s) + H O (l)
2 3 2
1. The combustion of carbon monoxide gas in oxygen gas is
represented by the following balanced equation: 2 CO(g) +
O2(g) 2CO2(g) How many moles of carbon dioxide gas
will be produced from the complete combustion of 4.60
moles CO(g)?
2. Consider the reaction: 2 KClO 3 2 KCl + 3 O 2

a. How many moles of KClO are required to produce

3

22.8 moles oxygen gas, O ? 2

b. How many moles of KCl will be produced from the

total decomposition of 18.8 moles KClO ? 3
3. Given the reaction 4 Fe + 3 O2 2 Fe2O3
a. How many grams of Fe2O3 will be formed from 4.86 moles
Fe reacting with sufficient oxygen gas?
b. How many grams of Fe are needed to react with sufficient
oxygen to produce 28.8 moles Fe2O3?
4. Consider the reaction 2Mg + O 2 2MgO
a. How many grams of MgO are produced from the
complete reaction of 94.2 g Mg?
b. How many grams of Mg are needed to produce 224 g
of MgO in the complete reaction of Mg with oxygen gas?
 LIMITING REAGENT vs. EXCESS REAGENT
When Karen went shopping, she was able to buy 50
slices of cheese, 20 hamburger patties, and 50 slices of
bread. How many double cheeseburgers can she
make? What is the limiting material or reagent? What
are the excess reagents?
Two slices of bread + one hamburger patty + two
slices of cheese one double cheeseburger
 a. If 6.60 moles H are made to react with 4.42 moles N ,
2 2

what is the limiting reagent? How many moles NH will be

3

produced? What reagent is in excess and by how much?

Determine which reagent will produce the smallest
amount of product:
3H2(g) + N2(g) 2NH3(g)
The excess reagent is N2. If you have 6.60 moles
H2 then you will need:

But you have 4.42 moles N2.

Therefore, the excess amount of N2 is 4.42 moles –
2.20 moles = 2.22 moles N2.
 If 25.5 g H are made to react with 64.2 g N ,
2 2

what is the limiting reagent? What is the

theoretical yield in g of NH that will be
3

produced? How do you determine the limiting

reagent?
The limiting reagent is N2.
Theoretical Yield, Actual Yield, and
Percent Yield
The theoretical yield is the maximum amount of
product that would result if the limiting reagent is
completely consumed. It is the amount of product
predicted by stoichiometry. The actual yield is the
quantity of the desired product actually formed.
If in the example given, only 54.0 g NH3 were
produced, then the actual yield is 54.0 g; the
theoretical yield is 78.0 g and the % yield is:
What are the possible reason why the
theoretical yield is not obtained in
actual work?