First

Republican
period:
Creole
Project
Republican Life
•Juan José Flores was the Supreme
Chief (or Jefe Superior) of the Southern
District of Gran Colombia.

•He called a Constituent Assembly in

the city of Riobamba to issue the
Political Constitution of Ecuador;

•José Joaquín de Olmedo was named

vicepresident.
People
REPUBLICAN ERA has been divided into THREE PERIODS
 CREOLE PROJECT: FIRST PERIOD

Ecuador’s first constitution established the following:

1. The State will be populist, representative, responsible, independent.
2. Ecuadorian citizens: those who were born in ecuadorian territory and colombians living in
ecuadorian grounds.
3. Catholicism will be States’ official religion and God’s name is included in the constitution.
4. Qualifications to be a allowed to vote-
a. 22 years of age
b. being able to read and write
c. having property of ≥300 pesos
5. Qualifications to run as diputado
a. all of the above
b. property ≥4000 pesos
6. To be elected as president or vice-president
a. all of the above
b. property ≥30000 pesos

BUT, yes, Ecuador was P O P U L A R.

Today’s requierements in order to be an
ecuadorian citizen
Universal Suffrage
President
 CREOLE PROJECT: FIRST PERIOD - Rural life

Peasants ewrfberbbwrwrbwr
Landlords

● Slavery, mainly
blacks
● Artisans
● Workers
Associations
● Huasipungo
● Role of church

Haciendas
Vocabulary word
Huasipungo: piece of land the landlord gave to indigenous people so
they can carry out agricultural or grazing work, in exchange, landlords
would receive tributes.
CREOLE PROJECT: FIRST PERIOD
Urban life
 CREOLE PROJECT: FIRST PERIOD
Education and culture
● Formal education was a privilege for ‘whites’ and ‘creoles’ (criollos)
Creole: children of Spaniards born in America

● Central University taught law, medicine, and theology.

● Education for women
○ high class women were homeschooled.
○ very few schools for girls in Quito and other provinces at the time.
■ Rocafuerte founded Ecuador’s first female school.

● Most of the population was illiterate.

 CREOLE PROJECT: FIRST PERIOD
Education and culture
● For several presidents, education became a moral duty to accomplish.
○ Rocafuerte (1835-1839)
■ made primary education “universal”.
■ created what we now know as a “ministerio de educación”
■ created municipal schools, free of charge

○ García Moreno (1861-65) (1869-1875)

■ imported european teaching methods (brought in by religious groups)
■ created
● schools for teachers
● Polytechnic university
● Art schools
● Music conservatories
Social structure
“Landlord” system was
strengthened.

Indigenous were juridically inferior

(along with blacks, workers,
women, illiterates, and the
disowned)

Oligarchy

Women were ignored

HOW HAS SOCIAL STRUCTURE

CHANGED SO FAR?

Answer this question on a 100

words response
In your notebook
1. Describe how has social structure changed so far? Answer this question on a 100
words response.

2. Analyze what was the role played by the church during Hacienda system and during
García Moreno’s regime.

3. Contrast the educational system before and during Rocafuerte presidency.

4. Discuss the importance of the Marchist Revolution during the fall of Floreanism.
In your notebook
1. Explain why 63% of the national’s budget was used to strengthen the marine and
military forces during Juan José Flores 2nd term:
HOW WAS THE STATE ADMINISTERED AND STRUCTURED?
STATE’S BUDGET
 • 2nd term: 1839-1843
Fall of
• Did not want to give up power
‘Floreanism’
in 1843
External debt • Coup d’etat: Assembly names
• Ecuador did not him president again.
negotiate • Marchist revolution
• 1.5 mil sterling pounds
• Paid only interests • Flores became a mercenary,
• 1856: gave away tried to invade Ecuador.
territories in
Esmeraldas and
Amazon.
Marchist • Guayaquil’s insurrection against
Quito
Revolution • A provisional government was
named
• Insurrection spread along the
coast reaching the highlands

Revolution against what? • Spark of the revolution:

• Abuse from Flores
• 1843: Slavery Act. (Carta de la
Esclavitud) gave him dictatorial powers The government decreed the collection of a tax of
• Foreign military intervention (3 out of
15 generals in the army were nationals) 3 and a half pesos on every male between the
ages of twenty-two and fifty-five.

• Leaders: Vicente Ramón Roca, Diego Noboa y José

Joaquín de Olmedo
URVINISM • Economic opening
➢More trade
• Slavery abolished
➢ The state actually purchased slaves’ freedom
➢ Tax to gun powder.
• End to indian tributes
• Measures in favor of serrano peasants.
Another CAUDILLO. • Despite landlords’ protests, Urvina was
Proclaimed dictator in 1851-1856 popular due to increased incomes, which in
return held him in power.
Homework • What should the presentation include?
• Brief history of slavery in Ecuador
• Stories of blacks or afroecuadorians who have
stood out in ecuadorian history in fields such as
culture, arts, politics, etc. Be detailed. Include 3
people but in different areas.
• An evaluation: to what extent has slavery been
completely abolished in Ecuador? Do other forms
of slavery have persisted?
Create a •
•
The presentation will be uploaded to Nm@Home
8 - 10 slides
• Work in pairs.
multimedia
• RUBRIC
presentation Brief history - 3p
Stories – 1,50p each
Evaluation – 2p
Length – 0,50p
Garcian  Garcia Moreno’s government has been controversial
because he did much for the country but he also repressed

Project: a people (opponents).

 Achievements
catholic modernization  Improvements in education
 Encouragement in creation of banks
4 times president,  Good planning and honesty in government
or something like
 Ecuador was more organized and
that. Official
president twice communicated
(1861-65, 1869-75)  Mistakes
 Popular sectors were required more work
and higher taxes
 GM decreed shootings, whippings,
incarceration, and exile to government
opponents
 Concordato
■ 1869’s Constitution: being catholic was required to be ecuadorian
 He proposed Ecuador as a protectorate of France.
 In 1875 was reelected for a 3rd mandate but was
murdered before starting.
14 machete strikes
and 6 gunshot
wounds ended the
life of one of the
best and the worst
president in history
Surge and Peak of • Started in 1870s
• International demand for the product
Cocoa Beans • Still under huasipungo-like conditions
• Migration from highlands to coast
20 families controlled over 70% of • Gave dynamism to economy:
productive lands and concentrated • generated political and social changes
property in a dynasty-like manner. • Rise of burguesía
• Trade increased drastically
• Capitalism consolidated
Durán-Ballén (La Clementina), • Bankers and traders gained power
Aspiazu (57 properties), • Benefits mainly for the coast
Puga (16 properties), • Huasipungos
Seminario (39 properties),
Caamaño (Tenguel),
Morla (28 properties),
Burgos (23 properties),
Mandinyá (8 properties)
Sotomayor (4 properties).
From terrorism to • Oligarchy: a small group of people having control of a country
dictatorship
 With cacao peaking the economy,
Guayaquil demanded a greater
participation in political decisions
 Oligarchs and landlords
(mainly the Church) vs
Guayaquilean elites
 Borrero takes over when GM died.
Useless.
 Guayaquil opposition
interferes
 Borrero is impeached
 Veintemilla takes over Ignacio de Veintimilla
 #fail Antonio Borrero 75-76 76-83
 1883: Political parties are
formed.
 Plácido Caamaño 83-88  Republican Union (GMs)
 He created SUCRE  Progressivists (catholic liberals)
 Antonio Flores Jijón 88-92  National Liberal Party (Alfaro)
 Luis Cordero 92-95
 Sale of flag Marietta de
Veintimilla
 Oligarchy

Landlords, Church
VS.

White people (elites)

Mestizos

Indigenous people, black,

women
 Sale of Ecuadorian flag
Warship ‘Esmeralda’ 1. China and Japan were fighting a war
sailed from Valparaíso- 2. Japan needed to acquire weapons
Chile with
the 3. According to international law, it was forbidden to sell
Ecuadorian flag arms to the countries that were at war.
hoisted, when the 4. Chile wanted to sell warship “Esmeralda” to Japan
logical and correct thing 5. Politicians involved: Cordero (ECU) and Noguera
is that it had hoisted the (CHI)
Japanese flag. 6. Noguera faked a double transfer by pretending that
Ecuador bought the ship (220 000 sterling pounds)
from Chile and then Ecuador sold it to Japan (300
000 sterling pounds).
As expected: Money disappeared

Not a big deal until…..