Literature review

1) M. S. Ballal, G. C. Jaiswal, et.al,” Online condition monitoring system for substation and service transformers”, IET Electr. Power Appl. , 2017. This paper
describes the development and implementation of transformer Health Index determination system. It is based on the combined application of Offline (OFP)
and Online (ONP) Parameters. By this technique, it is possible to analyze the condition of oil level, oil temperature, losses due to voltage unbalance, poor power
factor, harmonics currents and so on. The proposed technique computes online HI of transformers for duration of every 30 min. It communicates the
information to asset owner or utility engineer in case of abnormality by SMS.
2) CIGRE Working Group: 05: ‘An international survey of failures in large power transformers in service’, Electra, 1983, (88), pp. 21–48:In this survey, the causes
of failures of the transformer are discussed in by a CIGRE study group. The group was particularly interested in large power transformers for EHV and UHV
networks. The survey had made an attempt to take into account the different needs, so that both manufacturers and users might derive the maximum benefits
from operation. Based on the result of this survey, SC 12 was to consider action necessary to improve transformer reliability
3) R. R. Pawar, Dr. S.B.Deosarkar “Health Condition Monitoring System For Distribution Transformer Using Internet of Things”. This paper presents the
development of a mobile embedded system, to monitor and record parameters of a distribution transformer like Current, Temperature, Rise or Fall of Oil level,
Vibration and Humidity. Remote terminal unit is installed at the distribution transformer site and above parameters are processed and recorded using-in-8-
channel analog to digital converter (ADC) of the embedded system in the system memory. This paper is divided into two parts. First of all, the remote terminal
unit (RTU) is designed using PIC18F4550 microcontroller to collect data from sensors nearby the transformer and sending data to monitoring node via GSM
GPRS module. Secondly, at the monitoring node there is one software built to receive data from the RTU and display it for the use of operating engineers.
4) CIGRE Working Group Number: A2.44: “Guide on Transformer Intelligent Condition Monitoring (TICM) Systems' 2014” . In this paper guidance is provided to
manufacturers and utilities interested in understanding the main aspects involved with transformer intelligent condition monitoring(TICM). This understanding
helps to define projects, processes and specifications to utilize best practices and maximize use of condition Monitoring (CM) and diagnostic information;
improve asset management techniques with the large scale use of integrated information systems; recommend actions for the use of existing on-line
continuous monitoring systems and TICM systems.
1) R. T. Hemmes, Massachusetts D. G. Graham; “Measurement Of Self Cooled Transformer Sound Levels In Relatively High Ambients” Measurement of the sound level of a self-cooled transformer can be made
at high ambient levels provided the ambient contains little or no sound from other inductive apparatus at the transformer sound frequencies. By measuring the components of transformer noise through narrow
pass-band filters that largely exclude broad-band ambient noise and making a true RMS summation of components mathematically, it is shown that useful measurements can be conducted in ambients as high as
eight decibels above the transformer sound level.

2) Tapan K. Saha; “Review of Modern Diagnostic Techniques for Assessing Insulation Condition in Aged Transformers”, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., 2003. This paper presents a description of commonly
used chemical diagnostics techniques along with their interpretation schemes. An attempt has been made in this paper to review modern chemical and electrical diagnostic methods. Firstly traditional chemical
methods have been discussed with currently available interpretation schemes.A number of new chemical diagnostic techniques are also presented in this paper and their usefulness is highlighted. Among these
techniques polarisation/depolarisation current measurement, return voltage measurement and frequency domain dielectric spectroscopy at low frequencies are the most widely used. This paper describes
analyses and interpretation of these techniques for transformer insulation condition assessment.

,
3) Dejan Susa; “Dynamic Thermal Modeling of Distribution Transformers” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 2005 A comprehensive test program was performed on a 2500-kVA oil natural–air natural cooling mode
(ONAN) transformer without external cooling. It is shown that the hot-spot to top-oil temperature gradient depends on the transformer construction. . The results are verified by thermocouple measurements
and tests at varying loading current. The hot-spot and top-oil temperature responses predicted by the IEEE Loading Guide, Annex G, are also compared to the measured values.

4) Hui Ma, T. K. Saha, et.al “Smart Transformer for Smart Grid—Intelligent Framework and Techniques for Power Transformer Asset Management ” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, 2015.This paper proposes an
intelligent framework for condition monitoring and assessment of power transformer. Within this framework, various signal processing and pattern recognition techniques are applied for automatically denoising
sensor acquired signals, extracting representative characteristics from raw data, and identifying types of faults in transformers. This paper provides case studies to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed
framework and techniques for power transformer asset management. The hardware and software platform for implementing the proposed intelligent framework will also be presented in this paper.

5) Ali Naderian Jahromi, R. Piercy, et.al “An Approach to Power Transformer Asset Management Using Health Index ”, IEEE Electr. Insul. Mag., 2009.The objective of this paper is to present a condition-based
asset management tool that quantifies power transformer degradation and allows for a recommendation regarding the number of power transformers that would likely require replacement within future time
horizons. A capital plan for replacement of power transformers is also presented. Several studies have examined different power transformer condition assessment and life-management techniques. These
techniques include measuring or monitoring of dissolved gas, oil or conductor temperature, moisture, oil quality (dielectric strength, acidity, color, and interfacial tension), and partial discharge, as well as
frequency response analysis, recovery voltage method, thermal imaging, tap changer tests, and bushing tests. Such tests are conducted on a routine or condition basis to evaluate the condition of power
transformers.

6) Xiang Zhang and Ernst Gockenbach,“Asset-Management of Transformers Based on Condition Monitoring and Standard Diagnosis”, IEEE Electr.Insul. Mag., 2008.In this paper, a methodology is developed to use
data acquisition derived from condition monitoring and standard diagnosis for rehabilitation purposes of transformers. The interpretation and understanding of the test data are obtained from international test
standards to determine the current condition of transformers. In an attempt to ascertain monitoring priorities, the effective test methods are selected for transformer diagnosis. In particular, the standardization
of diagnostic and analytical techniques are being improved that will enable field personnel to more easily use the test results and will reduce the need for interpretation by experts.

7) Zeinoddini-Meymand, H., Vahidi, B.: ‘Health index calculation for power transformers using technical and economical parameters’, IET Sci. Meas.Technol., 2016. In this paper, two artificial
intelligence models ANN and ANFIS are developed to determine a HI for transformers. The input parameters of the models are technical and economical parameters
including oil characteristics and DGA related parameters and also maintenance and OCs and aging related parameters. The output parameter of the models is HI
value.
References
1) M. S. Ballal, G. C. Jaiswal, et.al, “Online condition monitoring system for substation and service transformers”, IET Electr. Power Appl. , 2017.
2) CIGRE Working Group: 05: “An international survey of failures in large power transformers in service”, Electra, 1983, (88), pp. 21–48.
3) Rohit R. Pawar, Dr. S.B.Deosarkar “Health Condition Monitoring System For Distribution Transformer Using Internet of Things”.
4) CIGRE Working Group Number: A2.44: “Guide on Transformer Intelligent Condition Monitoring (TICM) Systems' 2014”.
5) R. T. Hemmes, Massachusetts D. G. Graham; “Measurement Of Self Cooled Transformer Sound Levels In Relatively High Ambients”.
6) Tapan K. Saha; “Review of Modern Diagnostic Techniques for Assessing Insulation Condition in Aged Transformers”, IEEE Trans. Dielectr.
Electr. Insul., 2003.
7) Dejan Susa; “Dynamic Thermal Modeling of Distribution Transformers” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 2005.
8) Hui Ma, T. K. Saha, et.al “Smart Transformer for Smart Grid—Intelligent Framework and Techniques for Power Transformer Asset
Management ” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, 2015.
9) Ali Naderian Jahromi, R. Piercy, et.al “An Approach to Power Transformer Asset Management Using Health Index ”, IEEE Electr. Insul. Mag.,
2009.
10) Xiang Zhang and Ernst Gockenbach,“Asset-Management of Transformers Based on Condition Monitoring and Standard Diagnosis”, IEEE
Electr.Insul. Mag., 2008.
11) Zeinoddini-Meymand, H., Vahidi, B.: ‘Health index calculation for power transformers using technical and economical parameters’, IET Sci.
Meas.Technol., 2016.