INSTRUMENT

LANDING SYSTEM
GROUP IV
EUGENIO, DENA PAOLA C.
ESTACION, AARON C.
QUISOTE, MISHA P.
NAVIGATIONAL AIDS

Navigational Aids or NAV – AIDS refer to the

methods and techniques used by airports around the
world that help the pilot to navigate or guide an
aircraft, with or without the help of electronic devices.
The NAV–AIDS can be broadly
classified into 3 parts namely:

1) Instrument Landing System (ILS)

2) Doppler VHF Omni Radio Ranging (DVOR)
3) Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
RUNWAY ORIENTATION
The 0° hand represents the north
direction whereas the 180° hand
represents the south direction. Similarly,
the 90° hand represents the east
direction, and the 270° hand west
direction. So, an airstrip running from
west to east will be called as runway
27/09 (because west = 270° and east =
90°, ∴27/09), between 280° and 100° as
runway 28/10, between 290° and 100° as
runway 29/11 and soon.
PHIIPPINES RUNWAY ORIENTATION

• PRIMARY
061°/241° (designated as
Runway 06/24)
• SECONDARY
136°/316° (designated as
Runway 13/31)
 ILS HISTORY
• Tests of the first ILS began in 1929.
• The first scheduled passenger airliner to land using ILS
was in 1938. A Pennsylvania-Central Airlines Boeing
247-D.
• In 1949, ICAO adapted an ILS standard developed by
the US Army as a standard system for all of its member
countries.
INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM
• The Instrument Landing System or ILS is an electronic
system that provides both horizontal and vertical
guidance to a specific runway, used to execute a
precision instrument approach procedure.
• ILS is a ground-based radio beam transmitter that
provides a direction to an aircraft approaching and
landing on a runway.
• The main purpose of using ILS is to guide the
aircraft to the center line of the runway and
provide the touch-down point on the runway
at a specific descent angle for smooth landing
even at times of low visibility.
• Approaching aircraft that tune their receiver
to the ILS frequency can get the guidance
from ILS.
ILS consists of 4 parts namely
1) Localizer (LLZ)
2) Glide Path (GP)
3) Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) and
4) Outer Marker, Middle Marker and Inner Marker(OM,
MM, IM).
 LOCALIZER
• Is an antenna array that helps the pilot detects the
center-line of the runway.
• It is installed at about 1000 – 2000 feet on the
extended center – line from the stop end of the
runway to prevent it from being a collision hazard.
• It provides azimuth guidance to an aircraft while
approaching for landing. The azimuth guidance is in
terms of offset towards left or right of the extended
center line.
• The range of localizer signal is 25 NM from the antenna to an
altitude of 4500 feet above the elevation of antenna site.
• Localizer transmit two signals which overlap at the center.
• It operates in the VHF band: 108MHz to 117MHz
• The left side has a 90 Hz modulation and the right has a 150
Hz modulation.
• The overlap area provides the on-track signal.
• For example, if an aircraft approaching the runway center
line from the right, it will receive more of the 150 Hz
modulation than 90Hz modulation.
• Difference in Depth of Modulation will align the aircraft
with the runway center line.
LOCALIZER COVERAGE
The coverage region of localizer array is divided into 2 parts:
• Course coverage
-area that extends from the localizer array up to 10 NM at
an angle of 10°
• Clearance coverage
-area that extends from localizer array up to 18 NM at an
angle of 35° is called as clearance coverage.
 GLIDE PATH
• Glide Path or GP is an antenna array that gives the
pilot the glide angle or descent angle with respect to
the touch – down point of runway. It is installed
1000 feet down the runway from approach end and
450 feet away from the runway. It provides vertical
guidance to an aircraft while approaching for
landing.
According to the ICAO
guidelines, the descent angle
must be between 2° – 4° for
smooth landing. The Glide path
frequency of operation ranges
from 328 – 336 MHz (UHF
Frequency Band). The range of
Glide path signal is 10 NM. The
antenna used for Glide path is a
3 element M array antenna (The
antenna elements are kept odd
otherwise it becomes a null
antenna)
• GS operates in UHF band: 329 to 335 MHz
• Glide path antenna produces two signals in the vertical
plane.
• The upper has a 90 Hz modulation and the bottom has
a 150 Hz modulation.
• For example, if an aircraft approaching the runway too
high, it will receive more of the 90 Hz modulation than
150Hz modulation.
• Difference in Depth of Modulation will align the
aircraft with the 3o glide path.
DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT
Distance Measuring Equipment or DME is a
transponder-based technology that provides slant
distance between the aircraft’s current position and
touch – down point at the runway. It is co-located with
GP antenna. The DME frequency of operation ranges
from 960 – 1215 MHz (UHF Frequency Band). The range
of DME signal is 10 NM.
Applications of DME
1) Permitting the use of multiple routes on common
system of airways to resolve traffic;
2) Permitting distance separation instead of time
separation between aircraft occupying the same altitude
facilitating reduced separation thereby increasing the
aircraft handling capacity; and
3) Expediting the radar identification of aircraft.
• DME works on the principal
of secondary radar where
interrogator (aircraft) sends
out paired pulses at specific
spacing.
• The ground DME station
receives the interrogation
pulses and then responds
with paired pulses at a
different frequency.
MARKERS
A Marker is a radio beacon that gives a pilot a
means to determine his position along an
established route such as a runway. Markers
are installed at fixed distances from the
runway. Since the advent of DME, the use of
markers is now redundant.
1) Outer Marker (OM)
-located 4 NM in front of the approach end of the runway, so that
the pattern crosses the glide angle at the intercept altitude. The transmitter
is modulated by a tone of 400 Hz keyed at 2 dashes per second. The Outer
Marker is also called as Non – Directional Beacon (NDB).
2) Middle Marker (MM)
-located 3500 feet in front of the approach end of the runway, so
that the pattern crosses the glide angle at 200 feet. The transmitter is
modulated by a tone of 1300 Hz keyed by continuous dot – dash pattern.
3) Inner Marker (IM)
-located 1000 feet in front of the approach end of the runway, so
that the pattern crosses the glide angle at 100 feet. The transmitter is
modulated by a tone of 3000 Hz keyed by continuous dots pattern.
• Marker beacons operating at a carrier frequency of 75
MHz.
• When the transmission from a marker beacon is
received it activates an indicator on the pilot's
instrument panel.
• The correct height the aircraft should be at when the
signal is received in an aircraft.
• They aid in indicating the distance of the aircraft from
the runway too.
APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEM
• An approach lighting System, or ALS, is a lighting system
installed on the approach end of an airport runway and
consisting of a series of lightbars, strobe lights, or a
combination of the two that extends outward from the
runway end. ALS usually serves a runway that has
an instrument approach procedure (IAP) associated with it
and allows the pilot to visually identify the runway
environment and align the aircraft with the runway upon
arriving at a prescribed point on an approach.
• Modern approach lighting systems are highly complex in
their design and significantly enhance the safety of aircraft
operations, particularly in conditions of reduced visibility.
ILS-Types of Runway Approach
1.Non-Instrument Runway (NI): A runway intended for
the operation of aircraft using visual approach procedure
2. Instrument Runway: A runway intended for the
operation of aircraft using instrument approach procedures
a) Non-Precision Runway (NP): An instrument runway
served by visual aids and a non-visual aid providing at least
lateral guidance adequate for a straight-in approach
b) Precision Runway (P): Allow operations with a
decision height and visibility ILS Category 1, or II, or III.
 IMPORTANCE OF ILS
• To enable safe landing during reduced visibility due to
fog, rain, or snow.
• If an Aircraft is considerably ‘heavy’ for a runway length,
guidance to the exact ‘touch-down’ zone is required.
• In order to enable ‘Auto-land’ in newer aircrafts, ILS
signals are essential.
THANK YOU!