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    The Central Dogma in Molecular Biology

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    soffiah
    The central dogma describes how DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into protein. In prokaryotes, transcription and translation are coupled and occur in the cytoplasm. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus where DNA is transcribed into pre-mRNA, which is processed and spliced before being exported to the cytoplasm for translation. There are four main types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, rRNA and snRNA - each encoded by their own genes.

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    The Central Dogma in Molecular Biology

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    soffiah
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    The central dogma describes how DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into protein. In prokaryotes, transcription and translation are coupled and occur in the cytoplasm. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus where DNA is transcribed into pre-mRNA, which is processed and spliced before being exported to the cytoplasm for translation. There are four main types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, rRNA and snRNA - each encoded by their own genes.

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    Decsribe how the cells work.

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    Central Dogma

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    The central dogma describes how DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into protein. In prokaryotes, transcription and translation are coupled and occur in the cytoplasm. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus where DNA is transcribed into pre-mRNA, which is processed and spliced before being exported to the cytoplasm for translation. There are four main types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, rRNA and snRNA - each encoded by their own genes.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    24 views17 pages

    The Central Dogma in Molecular Biology

    Uploaded by

    soffiah
    The central dogma describes how DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into protein. In prokaryotes, transcription and translation are coupled and occur in the cytoplasm. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus where DNA is transcribed into pre-mRNA, which is processed and spliced before being exported to the cytoplasm for translation. There are four main types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, rRNA and snRNA - each encoded by their own genes.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    The Central Dogma

    IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
    Concept 1: Overview: The Central Dogma
    The central dogma of molecular biology describes the two-step process,
    transcription and translation, by which the information in genes flows
    into proteins: DNA → RNA → protein.

    Transcription is the synthesis of an RNA copy of a segment of DNA. RNA


    is synthesized by the enzyme RNA polymerase.
    Concept 2: Transcription and Translation in
    Cells
    In a prokaryotic cell, transcription and
    translation are coupled; that is, translation
    begins while the mRNA is still being
    synthesized. In a eukaryotic cell,
    transcription occurs in the nucleus, and
    translation occurs in the cytoplasm.
    Prokaryotic Cell

    Because there is no nucleus to separate the processes of transcription and


    translation, when bacterial genes are transcribed, their transcripts can
    immediately be translated.
    Eukaryotic Cell

    Transcription and translation are spatially and temporally separated in eukaryotic


    cells; that is, transcription occurs in the nucleus to produce a pre-mRNA molecule.
    The pre-mRNA is typically processed to produce the mature mRNA, which exits the
    nucleus and is translated in the cytoplasm.
    Concept 3: Different Genes for Different RNAs
    There are 4 types of RNA, each encoded by its own type of gene.
    The genomic DNA contains all the information for the structure and function of
    an organism.
    In any cell, only some of the genes are expressed, that is, transcribed into RNA.
    There are 4 types of RNA, each encoded by its own type of gene:
    •mRNA - Messenger RNA: Encodes amino acid sequence of a
    polypeptide.
    •tRNA - Transfer RNA: Brings amino acids to ribosomes during
    translation.
    •rRNA - Ribosomal RNA: With ribosomal proteins, makes up the
    ribosomes, the organelles that translate the mRNA.
    •snRNA - Small nuclear RNA: With proteins, forms complexes that
    are used in RNA processing in eukaryotes. (Not found in
    prokaryotes.)
    Concept 4: Basic Structure of a Protein-Coding Gene
    A protein-coding gene consists of a promoter followed by the coding
    sequence for the protein and then a terminator.

    The promoter is a base-pair sequence that specifies


    where transcription begins.

    The coding sequence is a base-pair sequence that


    includes coding information for the polypeptide chain
    specified by the gene.
    Concept 5: The RNA Molecule
    RNA is structurally similar to DNA.
    Concept 6: The Transcription Process
    RNA synthesis involves separation of the DNA strands and synthesis of
    an RNA molecule in the 5' to 3' direction by RNA polymerase, using
    one of the DNA strands as a template.

    In complementary base pairing, A, T, G, and C on the template DNA strand specify U, A, C,


    and G, respectively, on the RNA strand being synthesized.
    Concept 7: Complete Transcription of an RNA Molecule
    Transcription begins at the promoter, proceeds through the coding region, and ends at
    the terminator.
    Concept 8: mRNA in Prokaryotes
    The sequence of a prokaryotic protein-coding gene is colinear
    with the translated mRNA; that is, the transcript of the gene is the
    molecule that is translated into the polypeptide.
    Concept 9: mRNA in Eukaryotes
    The sequence of a eukaryotic protein-coding gene is typically not colinear with the
    translated mRNA; that is, the transcript of the gene is a molecule that must be
    processed to remove extra sequences (introns) before it is translated into the
    polypeptide.
    Most eukaryotic protein-coding genes contain segments
    called introns, which break up the amino acid coding
    sequence into segments called exons.
    The transcript of these genes is the pre-mRNA (precursor-
    mRNA).
    The pre-mRNA is processed in the nucleus to remove the
    introns and splice the exons together into a translatable
    mRNA. That mRNA exits the nucleus and is translated in the
    cytoplasm.
    Concept 10: Pre-mRNA Processing (Splicing)
    Eukaryotic pre-mRNAs typically include introns. Introns are removed by RNA processing
    in which the intron is looped out and cut away from the exons by snRNPs, and the exons
    are spliced together to produce the translatable mRNA.
    The steps of pre-mRNA splicing (intron removal) are as
    follows:

    •The intron loops out as snRNPs (small nuclear


    ribonucleoprotein particles, complexes of snRNAs and
    proteins) bind to form the spliceosome.
    •The intron is excised, and the exons are then spliced
    together.
    •The resulting mature mRNA may then exit the nucleus and
    be translated in the cytoplasm.

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