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Digital Signal Processing

This document discusses digital IIR filter design through transformations from analog filters. It introduces impulse invariance transformation and bilinear transformation as two common methods. Impulse invariance preserves the shape of the impulse response by mapping s to z=e^sT, while bilinear transformation preserves the system function by mapping s to a rational function of z. Both allow designing digital IIR filters from existing analog prototypes. The document also reviews preliminaries on analog filter specifications and common analog filter types.

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48 views24 pages

Digital Signal Processing

This document discusses digital IIR filter design through transformations from analog filters. It introduces impulse invariance transformation and bilinear transformation as two common methods. Impulse invariance preserves the shape of the impulse response by mapping s to z=e^sT, while bilinear transformation preserves the system function by mapping s to a rational function of z. Both allow designing digital IIR filters from existing analog prototypes. The document also reviews preliminaries on analog filter specifications and common analog filter types.

Uploaded by

antriksh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ECE651 Digital Signal Processing I

Digital IIR Filter Design


 Introduction
 Some Preliminaries on Analog Filters
 Digital IIR Filter Design (s – z)
 Impulse Invariance Transformation
 Bilinear Transformation
 Frequency Band Transformations
 Analog Domain (s – s )
 Digital Domain (z – z)
Introduction

Analog filter : Infinitely long impulse response

S – Z (complex-valued mapping)

Digital IIR filter : Infinitely long impulse response


Introduction
Introduction

Advantages
• Analog filter design tables available
• Filter transformation (s – z) tables available
• Frequency band transformation (s – s / z – z) available

Disadvantages
• No control over the phase characteristics of the IIR filter
• Magnitude – only design
Introduction

Other Design Approaches


• Simultaneously approximate both the magnitude and the phase
response
• Require advanced optimization tools
• Not covered in the class
Preliminaries On Analog Filters

Analog lowpass filter specifications

 : passband ripple parameter


A: stopband attenuation parameter
 p: passband cutoff frequency (rad/sec)
 s: stopband cutoff frequency (rad/sec)
2 1
H a ( p ) 
1  2
1
H a ( s ) 
2

A2
Preliminaries On Analog Filters

Analog lowpass filter specifications

R p : passband ripple in dB

As : stopband attenuation in dB

R p  10 log 10 (1   2 )   10
R p / 10
1

As  20 log 10 A A  10 As / 20
Preliminaries On Analog Filters

Analog lowpass filter system function H a (s )

H a ( s ) H a (  s )  H a ()
2
 s / j

• Poles and zeros of magnitude-squared function are


distributed in a mirror-image symmetry with respect to the
imaginary axis

• For real filters, poles and zeros occur in complex


conjugate pairs ( mirror symmetry with respect to real axis)
Preliminaries On Analog Filters

Analog lowpass filter system function H a (s )

1. Pick up poles On LHP

2. Pick up zeros on LHP or


Imaginary axis

H a (s )

Stable Causal
Preliminaries On Analog Filters

Prototype analog filters


1. Butterworth

2. Chebyshev (Type I and II)

3. Elliptic
Preliminaries On Analog Filters

Butterworth lowpass filters (Magnitude-Squared Response)

1
H a () 
2
2N

1   
 c 

 c The Cutoff frequency (rand/sec)

N The order of the filter


Preliminaries On Analog Filters

Butterworth lowpass filters (System Function)

c
N
H a ( s) 
 ( s  pk )
LHP poles

 ( 2 k  N 1)
j
pk   c e 2N
, k  0,1,  2 N  1
Preliminaries On Analog Filters

Butterworth lowpass filters (Design equations)

 log 10 [(10 R p / 10  1) /(10 As / 10  1)] 


N  
 2 log 10 (  p /  s ) 
p
c  1
 1)
R p / 10 2N
(10

p
c  1
(10 As / 10  1) 2N
Digital IIR Filter Design

S - Z transformation

• Complex-valued mappings

• Derived by preserving different aspects of analog filters and digital filters


Digital IIR Filter Design

Impulse Invariance transformation

• Preserve the shape of impulse response

z  e sT
Digital IIR Filter Design

Impulse Invariance transformation (Design Procedure)


(MATLAB function: impinvar)
1. Choose T and determine the analog frequencies
p s
p  s 
T T

2. Design an analog filter H a (s ) using specifications  p ,  s , R p , and As

N
Rk
3. Partial fraction expansion H a ( s)  
k 1 s  pk

4. Transform analog poles { pk } into digital poles {e pk T } to obtain


N
Rk
H ( z)   pk T 1
k 1 1  e z
Digital IIR Filter Design

Impulse Invariance transformation (Aliasing)

>> f=0:0.01:5;T=0.1;
>> z=exp(j*2*pi*f*T);
>> zH=(1-0.8966./z)./(1-1.5595./z+0.6065./z./z);
>> s=j*2*pi*f;
>> sH=(1+s)./(s.^2+5*s+6);
>> plot(f,abs(zH),f,abs(sH)/T);legend('Digitital','Analog')
>>title('Magnitude Response of Analog and Digital IIR Filters')
Digital IIR Filter Design

Impulse Invariance transformation

Advantages:
• Stable design
• Analog frequency and digital frequency are linearly related

Disadvantage
• Aliasing
• Useful only when the analog filter is band-limited (LPF and
BPF)
Digital IIR Filter Design

Bilinear transformation

• Preserve the system function representation

1  ( sT ) / 2 2 1  z 1
z s
1  ( ST ) / 2 T 1  z 1
Digital IIR Filter Design

Bilinear transformation (Design Procedure)


(MATLAB function: bilinear)
1. Choose T (1)and determine the analog frequencies
2  2 
p  tan( p ) s  tan( s )
T 2 T 2

2. Design an analog filter H a (s ) using specifications  p ,  s , R p , and As

3. Bilinear transformation

2 1  z 1
H ( z)  H a ( )
T 1  z 1
Digital IIR Filter Design

Bilinear transformation

Advantages
• Stable design

• No aliasing

• No restriction on the type of filters that can be transformed


Frequency DomainTransformations

Analog Domain
Frequency DomainTransformations
Digital Domain

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