BIOS, File I/O

• Programarea directa a hardware-ului e dificila, solutia -> o colectie

de rutine care permit efectuarea operatiilor I/O si apelarea
memoriei
• La pornirea sistemului, se apeleaza direct memoria ROM in care se
afla Basic Input Output System (BIOS)
• Rutinele BIOS furnizeaza o interfata independenta de hardware
pentru diversele device-uri ale sistemului, de ex. un driver pentru
placa video care permite afisarea pe ecran indiferent de tipul de
display utilizat.
• Pentru a apela o rutina, se lanseaza o intrerupere, sub forma:
int value
• Value e intre 0…255
• Cand se reseteaza sistemul, se initializeaza vectorul de intreruperi
pentru a point-a la rutinele BIOS
 Serviciile BIOS
• BIOS-ul utilizeaza intreruperile 5 si 10h…1Ah pentru a realiza diferite
operatii
INT Function
5 Print Screen operation.
10h Video display services.
11h Equipment determination.
12h Memory size determination.
13h Diskette and hard disk services.
14h Serial I/O services.
15h Miscellaneous services.
16h Keyboard services.
17h Printer services.
18h BASIC.
19h Reboot.
1Ah Real time clock services.
 Int 5 – Print screen
Instruction: int 5h
BIOS Operation: Print the current text screen.
Parameters: None
• Cand se executa 5h PC-ul trimite o copie a imaginii de pe ecran
(PrntScrn lanseaza un apel int 5)

Int 10h – video services

Instruction: int 10h
BIOS Operation: Video I/O Services
Parameters: cativa, dati in ax, bx, cx, dx, si es:bp
• Se poate utiliza pentru a initializa display-ul, setarea cursorului,
citirea si scrierea caracterelor, etc.
 Int 11h – instalare echipament
Instruction: int 11h
BIOS Operation: Returneaza o lista de echipamente
Parameters: La intrare: None, la exit: AX
• ax contine o lista codata a echipamentelor
Bit 0 Floppy disk drive installed
Bit 1 Math coprocessor installed
Bits 2,3 System board RAM installed (obsolete)
Bits 4,5 Initial video mode
00 nimic
01 40x25 color
10 80x25 color
11 80x25 b/w
Bits 6,7 Numarul de disk drives
Bit 8 DMA present
Bits 9,10,11 Numarul de RS-232 serial cards instalate
Bit 12 Game I/O card installed
Bit 13 Serial printer attached
Bits 14,15 Number of printers attached.
 Int 12h – memorie disponibila
Instruction: int 12h
BIOS Operation: Determinea dimensiunea memoriei
Parameters: dimensiunea memoriei returnata in AX
• Cand memoria sistemului era 64k, avea sens, acum nu prea mai are

Int 13h – servicii pentru disk

Instruction: int 13h
BIOS Operation: Servicii disk
Parameters: ax, es:bx, cx, dx
• Resertare diskete, obtinere status, citire, scriere, verificare sectoare,
formatare, etc. rutina s-a modificat mult de-a lungul timpului
 Int 14h – Serial I/O
Instruction: int 14h
BIOS Operation: Accesarea portului serial
Parameters: ax, dx
• Suporta: initializare, transmitere caracter, primire caracter, status
• Numarul portului serial este stocat in dx, celelalte date sunt
stocate in al si ax
 Int 14h – Serial I/O
AH = 0: initializare port AH = 1: transmitere caracter
mov dx, 0 ;Select COM1:
Bits Function
5..7 Select baud rate mov al, ‘a’ ;Character to transmit
000- 110 baud mov ah, 1 ;Transmit opcode
001- 150 int 14h
010- 300
test ah, 80h ;Check for error
011- 600
100- 1200 jnz SerialError
101- 2400
110- 4800
111- 9600
3..4 Select parity AH = 2: receptie caracter
00- No parity mov dx, 0 ;Select COM1:
01- Odd parity
10- No parity mov ah, 2 ;Receive opcode
11- Even parity int 14h
2 Stop bits test ah, 80h ;Check for error
0-One stop bit
jnz SerialError
1-Two stop bits
0..1 Character Size <Received character is now in AL>
10- 7 bits
11- 8 bits
 Int 15 - diverse
• Initial era pentru casete, acum e pentru diverse chestii (memorie extinsa,
controller joystick, altele)
Int 16 - tastatura
Instruction: int 16h
BIOS Operation: Read a key, test for a key, or get keyboard status
Parameters: al
• AH = 0 – citire tasta; ex. citeste taste pana la enter

ReadLoop: mov ah, 0 ;Read Key opcode

int 16h
cmp al, 0 ;Special function?
jz ReadLoop ;If so, don’t echo this keystroke
putc
cmp al, 0dh ;Carriage return (ENTER)?
jne ReadLoop
 Int 17h - imprimante
Instruction: int 17h
BIOS Operation: Print data and test the printer status
Parameters: ax, dx
• Controleaza interfata paralela asa cum 14h controleaza interfata
seriala
• Are trei subfunctii
0-Print the character in the AL register.
1-Initialize the printer.
2-Return the printer status.
 Int 18h – run BASIC
Instruction: int 18h
BIOS Operation: Activate ROM BASIC
Parameters: None
• Activeaza interpretorul ROM BASIC

Int 19h – reboot computer

Instruction: int 19h
BIOS Operation: Restart the system
Parameters: None
• Este echivalenta cu ctrl – alt – del
 Int 1Ah – Real Time Clock
Instruction: int 1ah
BIOS Operation: Real time clock services
Parameters: ax, cx, dx
• Sunt doua servicii furnizate de BIOS – read si set clock
AH=0: Read the Real Time Clock
Reg Value Returned
dx L.O. word of clock count
cx H.O. word of clock count
al Zero if timer has not run for more than 24 hours
Non-zero otherwise

AH=1: Set the Real Time Clock

cx:dx contine numarul curent in incremente de 55ms de la inceputul zilei
cx contine HO word si dx contine LO word