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    Signals and Systems

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    Naveen Peerla
    This document discusses sampling and filtering of signals. It defines continuous and discrete time signals and explains how sampling converts a continuous signal into a discrete signal by multiplying it with an impulse train. Sampling is important because it allows signals to be processed digitally. The Fourier transform of sampled signals consists of shifted replicas of the original signal spectrum. For accurate reconstruction, the sampling frequency must be at least twice the maximum frequency of the original signal. Filters are used to remove or reduce unwanted signal components by defining cutoff frequencies for pass bands and stop bands.

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    Signals and Systems

    Uploaded by

    Naveen Peerla
    31 views14 pages
    This document discusses sampling and filtering of signals. It defines continuous and discrete time signals and explains how sampling converts a continuous signal into a discrete signal by multiplying it with an impulse train. Sampling is important because it allows signals to be processed digitally. The Fourier transform of sampled signals consists of shifted replicas of the original signal spectrum. For accurate reconstruction, the sampling frequency must be at least twice the maximum frequency of the original signal. Filters are used to remove or reduce unwanted signal components by defining cutoff frequencies for pass bands and stop bands.

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    signals and systems

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    ece1004

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    This document discusses sampling and filtering of signals. It defines continuous and discrete time signals and explains how sampling converts a continuous signal into a discrete signal by multiplying it with an impulse train. Sampling is important because it allows signals to be processed digitally. The Fourier transform of sampled signals consists of shifted replicas of the original signal spectrum. For accurate reconstruction, the sampling frequency must be at least twice the maximum frequency of the original signal. Filters are used to remove or reduce unwanted signal components by defining cutoff frequencies for pass bands and stop bands.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    31 views14 pages

    Signals and Systems

    Uploaded by

    Naveen Peerla
    This document discusses sampling and filtering of signals. It defines continuous and discrete time signals and explains how sampling converts a continuous signal into a discrete signal by multiplying it with an impulse train. Sampling is important because it allows signals to be processed digitally. The Fourier transform of sampled signals consists of shifted replicas of the original signal spectrum. For accurate reconstruction, the sampling frequency must be at least twice the maximum frequency of the original signal. Filters are used to remove or reduce unwanted signal components by defining cutoff frequencies for pass bands and stop bands.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 14

    ECE-1004

    SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS


    SAMPLING AND FILTERING OF
    SIGNAL

    • P.NAVEEN-18bec1268
    • SAI MANIKANTA-18BEC1314
    • SANDEEP -18BEC1207
    TYPES OF SIGNALS
    • CONTINOUS TIME SIGNALS
    • DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS
    What is Discrete Time Sampling?
    • Sampling is the transformation of a continuous signal into
    a discretex(t),
    signal T is the sampling
    x[n] period

    t=nT

    • Widely applied in digital analysis systems


    x(t) Discrete x[n] Discrete y[n] Signal y(t)
    Time sampler time system reconstruction

    1. Sample the continuous time signal


    2. Design and process discrete time signal
    3. Convert back to continuous time

    EE-2027 SaS, L10: 4/13


    Why is Sampling Important?
    .For many systems (like matlab) designing and
    processing of a discrete signal is more efficient
    and more general comparable to continuous
    time signal.

    • Mainly due to the dramatic development of digital


    technology resulting in inexpensive, lightweight,
    programmable and reproducible discrete-time
    systems. Widely used for communication
    EE-2027 SaS, L10: 5/13
    Definition of Impulse Train Sampling
    • We need to have a convenient way in
    which to represent the sampling of a CT
    signal at regular intervals
    • A common/useful way to do this is
    through the use of a periodic impulse
    train signal, p(t), multiplied by the CT
    signal
    x p (t )  x(t ) p(t )
    p(t )  n   (t  nT )
     T

    – T is the sampling period


    – ws=2p/T is the sampling
    frequency
    • This is known as impulse train sampling.
    Note xp(t) is still a continuous time signal
    EE-2027 SaS, L10: 6/13
    Analysing Impulse Train Sampling (i)
    • What effect does this sampling have on the frequency decomposition
    (Fourier transform) of the CT impulse train signal xp(t)?
    • By definition:  
    x p (t )   x(t ) (t  nT )   x(nT ) (t  nT )
    n   n  
    • The signal p(t) is periodic and the coefficients of the Fourier Series are
    given by:
    T /2
    ak  1

    T T / 2  (t )e jkw t dt  T1 ,
    0
    k
    • Therefore, the Fourier transform is given by

    P( jw )  2p
    T   (w  kw )
    k  
    s

    • One property of the Fourier transform we did not consider is the


    multiplicative property which says if xp(t) = x(t)p(t), then

    X p ( jw)  1
    2p  
    X ( j ) P( j (w   ))d

    EE-2027 SaS, L10: 7/13


    Analysing Impulse Train Sampling (ii)
    • Substituting for P(jw)

    X ( jw )   X ( j )

    p
    1
    T  ((w  kw )   )d
    k   s
    

     

     X ( j ) ((w  kw )   )d
    1
    T k     s

     

    X ( j (w  kw ))
    1
    T k   s

    • Therefore Xp(jw) is a periodic function of w,


    consisting of a superposition of shifted
    replicas of X(jw), scaled by 1/T.
    |X(jw)|=0: |w|>1 ws=3

    EE-2027 SaS, L10: 8/13


    RECONSTRUCTION
    • In order to reconstruct the continuous signal
    from discrete signal the sampling frequency
    must be two times greater than the band limits
    frequency of the signal

    WS>2.WM

    The sampling theorem lies on this condition only


    FILTERING

    • Most of the signals we deal with in real life


    get corrupted In some way or another way by
    some unwanted signals
    • For this purpose we need to get rid of these
    interferences or least reduce the effects.
    • This is achieved through applying signal
    techniques.
    • A filter is an electronic circuit that removes
    /attenuates ,from a signal ,some unwanted
    component or feature.
    • FILTER APPLICATIONS:
    • Eliminate background noise
    • Radio tuning to a specific frequency
    • Modify digital images
    Filter characteristics
    To understand the basics of filtering ,it is
    important to learn terms used in this process
    .CUTOFF FREQUENCY:
    Frequencies that defines the limits of the filter
    range
    .STOP BAND:
    Range of frequencies that filtered out.
    • PASS BAND:
    The range of frequencies which is let through
    and recorded
    . TRANSITION BAND:
    Region that separates the pass band and stop
    band
    THANK YOU

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