Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 33 views

    Energy Transfer in Trophic Levels

    Uploaded by

    Angel Khate Tuaño
    All organisms require energy to grow, maintain themselves, reproduce, and move. Energy flows through ecosystems in a non-cyclic, unidirectional manner from one trophic level to another, with losses at each transfer. The number of trophic levels is limited by the total decline in energy between levels. Food chains and webs illustrate the trophic levels and multiple feeding relationships in ecosystems. Energy is lost through respiration and inefficiencies, with typical transfer efficiencies between levels of around 20% for primary consumers and 10% for higher levels.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Energy Transfer in Trophic Levels

    Uploaded by

    Angel Khate Tuaño
    33 views23 pages
    All organisms require energy to grow, maintain themselves, reproduce, and move. Energy flows through ecosystems in a non-cyclic, unidirectional manner from one trophic level to another, with losses at each transfer. The number of trophic levels is limited by the total decline in energy between levels. Food chains and webs illustrate the trophic levels and multiple feeding relationships in ecosystems. Energy is lost through respiration and inefficiencies, with typical transfer efficiencies between levels of around 20% for primary consumers and 10% for higher levels.

    Original Description:

    A TOPIC ABOUT ENERGY TRANSFER. HOPE YOU ENJOY

    Original Title

    Energy Transfer

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    All organisms require energy to grow, maintain themselves, reproduce, and move. Energy flows through ecosystems in a non-cyclic, unidirectional manner from one trophic level to another, with losses at each transfer. The number of trophic levels is limited by the total decline in energy between levels. Food chains and webs illustrate the trophic levels and multiple feeding relationships in ecosystems. Energy is lost through respiration and inefficiencies, with typical transfer efficiencies between levels of around 20% for primary consumers and 10% for higher levels.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    33 views23 pages

    Energy Transfer in Trophic Levels

    Uploaded by

    Angel Khate Tuaño
    All organisms require energy to grow, maintain themselves, reproduce, and move. Energy flows through ecosystems in a non-cyclic, unidirectional manner from one trophic level to another, with losses at each transfer. The number of trophic levels is limited by the total decline in energy between levels. Food chains and webs illustrate the trophic levels and multiple feeding relationships in ecosystems. Energy is lost through respiration and inefficiencies, with typical transfer efficiencies between levels of around 20% for primary consumers and 10% for higher levels.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 23

    ENERGY

    TRANSFER
    IN TROPHIC
    LEVELS
    -What does Mufasa mean when he says
    that we are all connected in a circle of
    life?
     “Lion King”
     https://youtu.be/bW7PlTaawfQ
    All organisms require energy

    Growth
    Maintenance
    Reproduction
    Locomotion
    The Laws of Thermodynamics

    FIRST LAW of THERMODYNAMICS

    Energy can be converted from one form to


    another, but cannot be created or
    destroyed.
    SECOND LAW of THERMODYNAMICS

    Transformations of energy always result in


    some loss or dissipation of energy
    or
    In energy exchanges in a closed system,
    the potential energy of the final state will
    be less than that of the initial state
    or
    Entropy tends to increase (entropy =
    amount of unavailable energy in a
    system)
    Energy
    • Non-cyclic, unidirectional flow
    • Losses at each transfer from one
    trophic level to another
    - Losses as heat from respiration
    - Inefficiencies in processing
    • Total energy declines from one transfer
    to another
    - Limits number of trophic levels
    Food Chains

    • Artificial devices to
    illustrate energy flow
    from one trophic level
    to another

    • Trophic Levels:
    groups of organisms
    that obtain their
    energy in a similar
    manner
    Food Chains
    • Total number of levels in a food chain
    depends upon locality and number of
    species

    • Highest trophic levels occupied by adult


    animals with no predators of their own

    • Secondary Production: total amount of


    biomass produced in all higher trophic
    levels
    Energy Flow
    Energy Flow through an Ecosystem
    sun Food Chain

    Primary
    Primary
    Producer Secondary Tertiary
    Consumer
    Consumer Consumer

    phytoplankton zooplankton larval fish


    fish
    heat
    heat heat

    water

    Nutrients
    Fungi & bacteria
    Decomposer
    Transfer Efficiencies
    • Efficiency of energy transfer called
    transfer efficiency

    • Units are energy or biomass

    Et = Pt Pt = annual production at
    Pt-1 level t

    Pt-1 = annual production


    at t-1
    Transfer Efficiency Example
    • Net primary production = 150 g C/m2/yr
    • Herbivorous copepod production = 25 g C/m2/yr

    Et = Pt = Pcopepods = 25 = 0.17
    Pt-1 P 150
    phytoplankton

    • Typical transfer efficiency ranges


    *Level 1-2 ~20%
    *Levels 2-3, …: ~10%
    Energy and Biomass Pyramids
    Tertiary 10 J
    consumers

    Secondary 100 J
    consumers

    Primary
    consumers 1000 J

    Primary 10,000 J Limu


    producers

    1,000,000 J of sunlight
    Algae
    eaten by
    Uhu

    Cellular
    Feces
    Respiration

    Growth
    Food Webs
    • Food chains don’t exist in real
    ecosystems

    • Almost all organisms are eaten by


    more than one predator

    • Food webs reflect these multiple


    and shifting interactions
    Antarctic Food Web
    Food Webs…
    Competitive relationships in food webs can reduce
    productivity at top levels

    Phytoplankton Phytoplankton
    (100 units) (100 units)

    Herbivorous Herbivorous
    Zooplankton Zooplankton
    (20 units) (20 units)

    Carnivorous Carnivorous Carnivorous


    Zooplankton A Zooplankton A Zooplankton B
    (2 units) (1 units) (1 units)

    Fish (0.2 units) Fish (0.1 units)


    The dynamics of energy flow through
    ecosystems have important implications for
    the human population.
    Eating meat
    Is a relatively inefficient way of tapping
    photosynthetic production
    If humans all fed more efficiently,
    eating only plant material
    Trophic level

    Secondary
    consumers

    Primary
    consumers

    Primary
    producers

    Figure 54.14
    Biological Magnification —
    Increasing concentration of
    poisons in organisms in higher
    trophic levels in a food chain or
    web.

    Many
    toxins in
    the
    Many person
    toxins in
    the water
     Biological
    Magnification-
    accumulation of
    increasing amounts
    of toxin within tissues
    of organisms.

    You might also like