Introduction to Structured Query

Language (SQL)
SELECT Statement
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=pcjXQqKWWNw
 Introduction
• SQL to query a database to extract useful
information
• The SELECT statement is used to select
data from a database.
• The data returned is stored in a result
table, called the result-set.

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 SELECT Syntax
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name;

Here, column1, column2, ... are the field

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 Demo Database
Customer Customer ContactN PostalCo
Address City Country
ID Name ame de
1 Alfreds
Maria Obere
Futterkist Berlin 12209 Germany
Anders Str. 57
e
Ana
Avda. de
Trujillo
Ana la México
2 Empared 05021 Mexico
Trujillo Constituci D.F.
ados y
ón 2222
helados
Antonio
Antonio Matadero México
3 Moreno 05023 Mexico
Moreno s 2312 D.F.
Taquería
4 120
Around Thomas
Hanover London WA1 1DP UK
the Horn Hardy
Sq.
Berglund
Christina Berguvsv
5 s Luleå S-958 22 Sweden
Berglund ägen 8
snabbköp

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 SELECT Column Example
• SELECT CustomerName, City FROM
Customers;

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 SELECT * Example
• SELECT * FROM Customers;

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 SQL SELECT DISTINCT
Statement
• The SELECT DISTINCT statement is used to
return only distinct (different) values.
• Inside a table, a column often contains many
duplicate values; and sometimes you only want
to list the different (distinct) values.
• SELECT DISTINCT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name;
• Example
• SELECT DISTINCT Country FROM Customers;

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 COUNT with SELECT
• SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT Country)
FROM Customers;

The following SQL statement lists the

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 Putting retrieved data in new column
• SELECT OrderID, ProductID, UnitPrice*Quantity AS
"Regular Price", UnitPrice*Quantity-
UnitPrice*Quantity*Discount AS "Price After Discount"
FROM order_details;

• SELECT Count(*) AS DistinctCountries

DistinctCountries
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 SQL WHERE Clause
• The WHERE clause is used to filter records.
• The WHERE clause is used to extract only those
records that fulfill a specified condition.
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Example
• SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE Country='Mexico';
• SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE CustomerID=1; 10
 Operators in The WHERE
Clause
The following operators can be used in the WHERE clause:
Operator Description
= Equal
Not equal. Note: In some versions of
<>
SQL this operator may be written as !=
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal
<= Less than or equal
BETWEEN Between an inclusive range
LIKE Search for a pattern
To specify multiple possible values for
IN
a column

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 SQL AND, OR and NOT
Operators
• The SQL AND, OR and NOT Operators
• The WHERE clause can be combined with AND, OR,
and NOT operators.
• The AND and OR operators are used to filter records
based on more than one condition:
• The AND operator displays a record if all the conditions
separated by AND is TRUE.
• The OR operator displays a record if any of the
conditions separated by OR is TRUE.
• The NOT operator displays a record if the condition(s) is
NOT TRUE.
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 AND Syntax
• SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 AND condition2 AND
condition3 ...;
• Example
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE Country='Germany' AND
City='Berlin';

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 OR Syntax
• SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 OR condition2 OR
condition3 ...;
• Example
• SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE City='Berlin' OR City='München';

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 NOT Syntax
• SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE NOT condition;
• Example
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE NOT Country='Germany';

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Combining AND, OR and NOT

• SELECT * FROM Customers

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 SQL LIKE Operator
• The SQL LIKE Operator
• The LIKE operator is used in a WHERE clause
to search for a specified pattern in a column.
• There are two wildcards used in conjunction with
the LIKE operator:
• % - The percent sign represents zero, one, or
multiple characters
• _ - The underscore represents a single character

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 LIKE Syntax
• SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE columnN LIKE pattern;
Example 1
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE CustomerName LIKE 'a%';
The following SQL statement selects all customers with
a CustomerName starting with "a":
Example 2
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE CustomerName LIKE '%a';
The following SQL statement selects all customers with
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a CustomerName ending with "a"
 More…
Example 3
• The following SQL statement selects all customers with a
CustomerName that have "or" in any position:
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE CustomerName LIKE '%or%';
Example 4
The following SQL statement selects all customers with a
CustomerName that have "r" in the second position
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE CustomerName LIKE '_r%';

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 Revision
Here are some examples showing different LIKE operators with '%' and '_' wildcards:
LIKE Operator Description
WHERE CustomerName LIKE 'a%' Finds any values that starts with "a"
WHERE CustomerName LIKE '%a' Finds any values that ends with "a"
Finds any values that have "or" in any
WHERE CustomerName LIKE '%or%'
position
Finds any values that have "r" in the
WHERE CustomerName LIKE '_r%'
second position
WHERE CustomerName LIKE Finds any values that starts with "a"
'a_%_%' and are at least 3 characters in length
Finds any values that starts with "a"
WHERE ContactName LIKE 'a%o'
and ends with "o"

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 SQL BETWEEN Operator
• The SQL BETWEEN Operator
• The BETWEEN operator selects values
within a given range. The values can be
numbers, text, or dates.
• The BETWEEN operator is inclusive:
begin and end values are included.

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 BETWEEN Syntax
• SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1
AND value2;
Example
SELECT * FROM Products
WHERE Price BETWEEN 10 AND 20;

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 NOT BETWEEN Example
Example
SELECT * FROM Products
WHERE Price NOT BETWEEN 10 AND 20;

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 SQL ORDER BY Keyword
• SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column1, column2, ... ASC|DESC;
Example
• SELECT * FROM Customers
ORDER BY Country;
• SELECT * FROM Customers
ORDER BY Country DESC;
• SELECT * FROM Customers
ORDER BY Country ASC, CustomerName
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DESC;
 Practice Sheet
• https://www.w3resource.com/sql-exercises/sql-retrieve-from-table.php

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Introduction to SQL (continued)
• SQL is relatively easy to learn
• Basic command set has vocabulary of less
than 100 words

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Introduction to SQL (continued)

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Introduction to SQL (continued)

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The Database Model

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 Listing Table Rows
• SELECT
– Used to list contents of table
– Syntax:
• SELECT columnlist
FROM tablename;
• Columnlist represents one or more
attributes, separated by commas
• Asterisk can be used as wildcard
character to list all attributes
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Aggregate Functions

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 Practice
• https://blog.oureducation.in/sql-questions/
• Q6, Q7, Q8,Q9,

• http://tutorial.techaltum.com/sql-queries-
for-practice.html

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