C for Engineers and Scientists

Chapter 3: Number Systems,

Scalar Types, and Input and Output
Outline:
Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal, and Decimal Numbers
Character Set
Comments
Declaration
Data Types and Constants
Integral Data Types
Floating-Point Numbers and Metanumbers
Pointer Type
Initialization
Implicit Type Conversion
Introduction to Formatted Input and Output
Redirection of Input and Output
Debug Programs Using ChIDE

Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.

C for Engineers and Scientists

Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal, and

Decimal
• Binary
Binary numbering system has only two possible values for each digit: 0 and 1.

For example,
binary number decimal number
0 0
1 1
10 2
11 3
100 4
101 5
110 6
1100 1010 202

Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.

C for Engineers and Scientists

Decimal Numbers
• Decimal
The digits' weight increases by powers of 10. The weighted values for
each position is determined as follows:

104 103 102 101 100

10000 1000 100 10 1

For example,
A decimal number 4261 can be thought of as follows.

4 * 1000 + 2 * 100 + 6 * 10 + 1 * 1
= 4000 + 200 + 60 + 1
= 4261 (decimal)

Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.

C for Engineers and Scientists

Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal, and

Decimal
• Binary
The digits' weight increases by powers of 2. The weighted values for each position is
determined as follows:

27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

For example,
binary 10 is decimal 2.
the binary value 1100 1010 represents the decimal value 202.

1 * 128 + 1 * 64 + 0 * 32 + 0 * 16 + 1 * 8 + 0 * 4 + 1 * 2 + 0 * 1
= 128 + 64 + 0 + 0 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 0
= 202 (decimal)
Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
C for Engineers and Scientists

Binary Two’s Complement

The left-most bit is the sign bit. If it is 1, then the number is negative.
Otherwise, it is positive. Give a negative value, represent it in binary two’s
complement form as follows.
1. write the number in its absolute value.
2. complement the binary number.
3. plus 1.
Example, represent –2 in binary two’s complement with 16 bits for short int.

• Binary value of 2: 0b0000 0000 0000 0010

• Binary complement of 2: 0b1111 1111 1111 1101
• Plus 1: +1
• Binary two’s complement representation of -2: 0b1111 1111 1111 1110

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C for Engineers and Scientists

Give binary two’s complement form of a negative number, find

the absolute value of the negative value as follows.
1. Complement the binary number.
2. Plus 1.
Example, find the decimal value of (0b1111 1111 1111 1110)2 in binary
two’s complement form with 16 bits.
• Binary two’s complement (0b1111 1111 1111 1110)2
• Binary complement (0b0000 0000 0000 0001)2
• Plus 1 +1
• Absolute value: (0b0000 0000 0000 0010)2 = 210
• Negative value: -2

Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.

C for Engineers and Scientists

Subtraction of a value in the computer can be treated as addition of its

two’s complement. For example, the subtraction of (2-2) can be
performed as 2+(-2) as follows:

0b0000 0000 0000 0010 (binary representation of 2)

0b1111 1111 11111110 (two’s complement representation of -2)
0b0000 0000 0000 0000 (2+(-2))

Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.

C for Engineers and Scientists

• Octal
The octal system is based on the binary system with a 3-bit boundary. The octal
number system uses base 8 includes 0 through 7. The weighted values for each
position is as follows:

83 82 81 80
512 64 8 1

1. Binary to Octal Conversion

• Break the binary number into 3-bit sections from the least significant
bit (LSB) to the most significant bit (MSB).
• Convert the 3-bit binary number to its octal equivalent.

For example, the binary value 1 010 000 111 101 110 100 011 equals to
octal value (12075643)8.

Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.

C for Engineers and Scientists

2. Octal to Binary Conversion

• Convert the octal number to its 3-bit binary equivalent.

• Combine all the 3-bit sections.

For example, the octal value 45761023 equals to binary value

100 101 111 110 001 000 010 011.

3. Octal to Decimal Conversion

To convert octal number to decimal number, multiply the value in each position
by its octal weight and add each value together. For example, the octal value
(167)8 represents decimal value 119.

1*64 + 6*8 + 7*1 = 119

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C for Engineers and Scientists

• Hexadecimal

Similar to octal, the hexadecimal system is also based on the binary system but
using 4-bit boundary. The hexadecimal number system uses base 16 including
the digits 0 through 9 and the letters A, B, C, D, E, and F. The letters A through F
represent the decimal numbers 10 through 15. For the decimal values from 0 to 15,
the corresponding hexadecimal values are listed below.

Decimal 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Hexadecimal F E D C B A 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

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C for Engineers and Scientists

The weighted values for each position is as follows:

163 162 161 160

4096 256 16 1

The conversion between binary value and hexadecimal value is similar to octal
number,but using four-bit sections.
The hexadecimal value 20A represents decimal value 522.

2*256 + 0*16 + 10*1 = 522

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C for Engineers and Scientists

Following table provides all the information you need to convert from one type
number into any other type number for the decimal values from 0 to16.

Binary Octal Decimal Hex Binary Octal Decimal Hex

0000 00 00 00 1001 11 09 09

0001 01 01 01 1010 12 10 A

0010 02 02 02 1011 13 11 B

0011 03 03 03 1100 14 12 C
0100 04 04 04 1101 15 13 D

0101 05 05 05 1110 16 14 E

0110 06 06 06 1111 17 15 F

0111 07 07 07 10000 20 16 10

1000 10 08 08

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C for Engineers and Scientists

Character Set
The character set in C includes the following members:

– the 26 uppercase letters of the Latin alphabet

A B C D E F G H I J K L M
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
– the 26 lowercase letters of the Latin alphabet
a b c d e f g h i j k l m
n o p q r s t u v w x y z
– the 10 decimal digits
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
– the following 31 graphic characters
! " # % & ' ( ) * + , - . / :
; < = > ? [ \ ] ^ _ { | } ~ $ `

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C for Engineers and Scientists

Comments
Comments of a C program can be enclosed within a pair of delimiters /* and */.
The symbol // will comment out a subsequent text terminated at the end of
a line. For example,

/* This is a comment */

/* This is a comment
across multiple lines */

printf(”Hello, world\n”); // This is a comment terminated at the end of line

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C for Engineers and Scientists

Declaration
– An identifier for a variable shall consist of lowercase and uppercase letters,
underscore _, and digits. It shall not start with digits.
– A variable has to be declared before it can be used inside a program. The
following format can be used to declare a variable of simple type.
dataType varName;
where dataType is one of valid data types and varName is an identifier.
– In C99, variables can be declared almost anywhere even after executable
statements.

int main() {
int i;
i = 90;
int j;
j = 20;
return 0;
}

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C for Engineers and Scientists

Data Types and Constants

• Integer Data Types
Integer is a basic data type and can be represented by one of the
following data types.

char long long

signed char signed long long
unsigned char unsigned long long
short
signed short
unsigned short
int
signed int
unsigned int
long
signed long
unsigned long
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C for Engineers and Scientists

The sizeof operator gives the size of types or expression in bytes.

One byte equals 8 bits.

> int i
> sizeof(int)
4
> sizeof(i)
4
> sizeof(2*i)
4
> sizeof(long long)
8

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C for Engineers and Scientists

• Int Data Representation

– An int data is a signed integer. An int number is a whole number

that can be negative, positive, or zero.
– An int data uses 4 bytes for storage with 1 bit for the sign.
– The int ranges from INT_MIN to INT_MAX, which are
–2147483648(–231) and 2147483647(231–1), respectively.
– The unsigned int ranges from 0 to UINT_MAX, which is equal
to 4294967295(232–1).

INT_MAX 0b01111111 11111111 11111111 11111111

INT_MIN 0b10000000 00000000 00000000 00000000
UINT_MAX 0b11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111

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C for Engineers and Scientists

Program: limits.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <limits.h>

Int main() {
printf(”INT_MAX = %d\n”, INT_MAX);
printf(”INT_MIN = %d\n”, INT_MIN);
printf(”UINT_MAX = %d\n”, UINT_MAX);
return 0;
}

Output:
INT_MAX = 2147483647
INT_MIN = -2147483648
UINT_MAX = 4294967295

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C for Engineers and Scientists

• Short Data Representation

– A short data uses 2 bytes for storage.
– The macros for minimum and maximum values of signed short
are SHRT_MIN and SHRT_MAX defined in header file
limits.h. SHRT_MIN is equal to -32768(-215) and
SHRT_MAX is equal to 32767(215-1).
– The macro USHRT_MAX, defined in the header file limits.h,
specifies the maximum value of unsigned short. It is equal to
65535(216-1).

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C for Engineers and Scientists

• Long Long Data Representation

– Data of long long integral type contains 8 bytes. They have the
similar representation as the data type of int.
– The long long int ranges from LLONG_MIN to LLONG_MAX,
which are -9223372036854775808LL (-263) and
9223372036854775807LL (263–1), respectively.
– The long long int ranges from 0 to ULLONG_MAX, which is 264–1.

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C for Engineers and Scientists

• Integer Constants

– An integer can be specified in decimal, binary, octal, or hexadecimal.

– A leading 0(zero) on an integer constant indicates an octal integer.
– A leading 0x or 0X indicates a hexadecimal integer.
– A leading 0b or 0B indicates a binary integer.
•

Example:

30 (decimal) = 036 (octal)

= 0X1e or 0x1E (hexadecimal)
= 0b11110 or 0B11110 (binary)

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C for Engineers and Scientists

Example:

C:/Ch> int i
C:/Ch> i = 036
30
C:/Ch> i = 0x1e
30
C:/Ch> i = 0b11110
30
C:/Ch> printf(”i = %d\n”, i)
i = 30
C:/Ch> printf(”i = 0%o\n”, i)
i = 036
C:/Ch> printf(”i = 0x%x\n”, i)
i = 0x1e
C:/Ch> printf(”i = 0b%b\n”, i)
i = 0b11110

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C for Engineers and Scientists

• Boolean Type
The keyword bool of a declarator in header file stdbool.h can be used
to declare variables with boolean data type. For example, the following
statement
bool b;
declares a boolean variable b.
A boolean variable only has only two possible values: 1 and 0.
Value 1 stands for true and value 0 stands for false. Macro true and
false are defined in header file stdbool.h.

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C for Engineers and Scientists

• Char Data Representation

– The char data are used to store characters such as letters and punctuation.
An array of char can be used to store a string.
– A character is stored as an integer according to a certain numerical code
such as the ASCII code that ranges from 0 to 127, which only requires 7 bits to
represent it.
– Typically, a char constant or variable occupies 1-byte (8 bits) of unit
memory.

Memory Address Binary value Character

20000 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 H
20001 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 e
20002 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 l
20003 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 l
20004 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 o
20005 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 !

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C for Engineers and Scientists

– The macros for minimum and maximum values of signed char are
CHAR_MIN and CHAR_MAX defined in header file limits.h.
CHAR_MIN is equal to -128(-27) and CHAR_MAX is equal to
127(27-1).
– The macro UCHAR_MAX, defined in the header file limits.h,
specifies the maximum value of unsigned short. It is equal to
255(28-1).

• CHAR_MAX = 127 0b0111 1111

• CHAR_MIN = -128 0b1000 0000
• UCHAR_MAX = 255 0b1111 1111

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C for Engineers and Scientists

• Character Constants

A character constant, stored as an integer, can be written as one character

within a pair of single quotes like ‘x’. A character constant can be
assigned to the variable of type char. For example,

> char c = ’x’

> c
x

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C for Engineers and Scientists

• Escape Characters
Escape Code Description
\a (alert) Produces an audible or visible alert. The active position shall
not be changed.
\b (backspace) Moves the active position to the previous position on the
current line.
\f (form feed) Moves the active position to the initial position at the start
of the next logical page.
\n (new line) Moves the active position to the initial position of the next
line.
\r (carriage return) Moves the active position to the initial position of the
current line.
\t (horizontal tab) Moves the active position to the next horizontal
tabulation position on the current line.
\v (vertical tab) Moves the active position to the initial position of the next
vertical tabulation position.
\\ (backslash) Produces a backslash character \.
\’ (single quote) Produces a single quote character ‘.
\” (double quote) Produces a double quote character “.
\? (question mark) Produces a question mark character ?.

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C for Engineers and Scientists

• String Literals

– A character string literal is a sequence of zero or more multibyte

characters enclosed in double quotes, such as “xyz”.
– Remember that strings represented as character arrays end with
‘\0’.
– Using an array of characters to define a string variable.

> char str1[6] = ”abcde” // The last one is ‘\0’

> char str2[] = ”This is a string.”

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C for Engineers and Scientists

Arithmetic operations of two

integers are still an integer
> 2+3
6
> 3/2
1
> 2/3
0
> 2.0/3
0.6667

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C for Engineers and Scientists

• Floating-Point Types

Floating-point numbers have three representations:

float, double, and long double.

The float data type uses 32 bits (4 bytes) for its storage. The minimum
and maximum values of float data type are defined as macros
FLT_MIN and FLT_MAX, respectively, in header file float.h.

The double data type uses 64 bits(8 bytes) as its storage. The minimum
and maximum values of double data type are defined as macros
DBL_MIN and DBL_MAX, respectively, in header file float.h

The long double should have at least as many bits as double.

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C for Engineers and Scientists

Metanumbers
Below is a list of metanumbers for floating-point numbers and their
mathematical equivalent.

Metanumbers Mathematical Representation

-0.0 0-

+0.0 0+

-Inf -

+Inf +

NaN Not-a-Number (Invalid value)

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C for Engineers and Scientists

Examples for NaN and Inf

> 0.0/0.0
nan
> 1.0/0.0
inf
> -1.0/0.0
-inf
> sqrt(4)
2.000
> sqrt(-4)
nan

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C for Engineers and Scientists

Sample Problem:
The system in Figure1 (a) consists of a single body with mass m moving on a
horizontal surface. An external force p acts on the body. The coefficient of
kinetic friction between body and horizontal surface is  . The free body diagram
for the system is shown in Figure1 (b).

Figure1: The system diagram and FBD of a sample problem

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C for Engineers and Scientists

The nomenclature related to the modeling of the system.is listed below.

m -- mass of the body
x -- position of the body
v -- velocity of the body
a -- acceleration of the body
g -- gravitational acceleration
 -- friction coefficient
f -- friction force
N -- normal force

Equation of motion:
The equation of the motion of the system can be derived based on the Newton's
second law.
N = mg (1)
f =N (2)
p-f = ma (3)

From equation (1), (2) and (3), the formula for calculating the acceleration
of the rigid body can be derived as follows.
a = (p- mg)/m (4)

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C for Engineers and Scientists

Problem Statement:
For the system shown in Figure1(a), given m = 5 kg, g = 9.81 m/s2,
 = 0.2. The external force p is expressed as a function of time t,
p(t) = 20 when t >= 0
calculate the acceleration a.

Solutions.
1. Declare four variables of double type to represent the mass of the
body (m), the friction coefficient (mu), the external force (p), and
the acceleration(a), respectively.
2. Define macro M_G with the value of 9.81.

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C for Engineers and Scientists

Program 1: Declare four variables to calculate the acceleration.

/* File: accelvar.c */
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
/* declare variables */
double a, /* acceleration */
mu, /* friction coefficient */
m, /* mass */
p; /* external force */

/* Initialize variables */
mu = 0.2;
m = 5.0;
p = 20.0;

/* Calculate the acceleration */

a = (p-mu*m*9.81)/m;

/* display output */
printf("Acceleration a = %f (m/s^2)\n", a);
return 0;
Output: }

Acceleration a = 2.038000 (m/s^2)

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C for Engineers and Scientists

Program 2: Define macro M_G.

/* File: acceldef.c */
#include <stdio.h>
/* gravitational acceleration */
#define M_G 9.81

int main() {
/* declare variables */
double a; /* acceleration */
double mu; /* friction coefficient */
double m; /* mass */
double p; /* external force */

/* Initialize variables */
mu = 0.2;
m = 5.0;
p = 20.0;

/* Calculate the acceleration */

a = (p-mu*m*M_G)/m;

/* display output */
printf("Acceleration a = %f (m/s^2)\n", a);
return 0;
}

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C for Engineers and Scientists

• Pointer Data Type

– A pointer is defined as a variable which contains the address of
another variable or dynamically allocated memory.
– With an asterisk ‘*’ in front of the variable names, the variables of
pointer type can be declared similar to variables of other data
types. The unary operator ‘&’ gives the “address of a variable”.

Example:

int i, *p;
i = 10;
p = &i; // p contains the address of i

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C for Engineers and Scientists

p = &i; // p now stores the address of i

If the address of i is 0x00E81E20, the value of p is 0x00E81E20 as shown below.

Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.

C for Engineers and Scientists

• Pointer to Char as String

char *s = ”This is a string”;

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C for Engineers and Scientists

Initialization
– The declaration of a variable may be accompanied by an initializer that specifies
the value of the variable should have at the beginning of its lifetime.
– The initializer for a scalar shall be a single expression, such as

> int i = 6/3

> double d = 12.345
> char c = ’a’

– An array of character type may be initialized by a character string literal.

> char str1[20] = ”this is a string.”

> str1
this is a string.

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C for Engineers and Scientists

Introduction to Formatted
Input and Output
• Function printf()
Precisely formatted output is accomplished using the output function
printf. The printf function has following form

printf( format-control-string, arguments );

– Format-control-string: Using specifications to describe output

format. Each specification begins with a percent sign (%), ends
with conversion specifier and is enclosed in quotation marks.
– arguments: correspond to each conversion specification in format-
control-string.

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C for Engineers and Scientists

Table below lists the format-control-string of different argument types for

function printf().
Argument Type Format-Control-String
binary number “%b” in Ch only
char “%c”
signed char, short, int “%d”
unsigned char, short, int “%u”
long long “%lld”
unsigned long long “%ulld”
octal number “%o”
hexadecimal number “%x”
float “%f”
double “%f” or “%lf”
string “%s”
pointer “%p”
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C for Engineers and Scientists

Example:
> printf(“%d”, 4261) // decimal integer
4261
> printf(“%lld”, 4261); // decimal long long integer
4261
> printf(“%b”, 4261); // binary number in Ch
1000010100101
> printf(“%o”, 4261); // octal number
10245
> printf(“%x”, 4261); // hexadecimal number
10a5
> printf(“%f”, 15.0F); // print out a float
15.000000
> printf(“%f”, 15.0); // print out a double float
15.000000
> printf(“%lf”, 15.0);
15.000000
> printf(“%c”, ‘a’);
a
> printf(“%s”, “This is a string.”);
This is a string.

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C for Engineers and Scientists

Printing Multiple Numerical Values

in a Single Printing Statement
Use multiple format specifiers.
Each format specifier corresponds to an argument.

> printf(”integer is %d, floating-point number is %f”, 10, 12.34)

integer is 10, floating-point number is 12.340000

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C for Engineers and Scientists

Precision of Floating-Point Numbers

The precision of a floating-point number specifies the number of digits
after the decimal point character.

The precision typically takes the form of a period (.) followed by

an decimal integer.

For example, the format “%.2f” specifies the precision with 2 digits after
the decimal point.
> printf(”%.2f”, 12.1234)
12.12
> printf(”%.2f”, 12.5678)
12.57
> printf(”%.20f”, 0.2)
0.20000000000000001110

The fractional part after the specified precision number is rounded up.
A floating-point number may not be represented exactly.
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C for Engineers and Scientists

• Function scanf()
Precise formatting input is accomplished using the input function
scanf. The scanf function has following form

scanf( format-control-string, arguments );

– Format-control-string: Using specifications to describe input

format. Each specification begins with a percent sign(%), ends
with conversion specifier and is enclosed in quotation marks. The
format-control-string is similar to format-control-string discussed
in printf function.
– arguments: pointers to variables in which the input value will be
stored.

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C for Engineers and Scientists

Table below lists the format-control-string of different argument types for

function scanf().
Argument Type Format-Control-String
binary number “%b” in Ch only
char “%c”
short “%hd”
unsigned short “%uhd”
int “%d”
unsigned int “%u”
long long “%lld”
unsigned long long “%ulld”
float “%f”
double “%lf”
string “%s”
pointer “%p”
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C for Engineers and Scientists

Example:

> int i
> float f
> double d
> char c
> scanf(“%d”, &i);
10
>i
10
> scanf(“%f”, &f);
10.2
>f
10.20
> scanf(“%lf”, &d);
15
>d
15.0000
> scanf(“%c”, &c);
a
>c
a

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C for Engineers and Scientists

Example:
> int i
> scanf(“%d”, &i); // input number in decimal
4261
> Long long l
> scanf(“%lld”, &l); // input into long long number
4261
>l
4261
> scanf(“%b”, &i); // input number in binary in Ch
1000010100101 // or 0b1000010100101
>i
4261
> scanf(“%o”, &i); // input number in octal
10245 // or ‘010245’
>i
4261
> scanf(“%x”, &i); // input number in hexadecimal
10A5 // or ‘0x10A5’ or ‘0X10A5’
>i
4261

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C for Engineers and Scientists

Example: Program scanfc.c

/* File: scanfc.c for input and output example */
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int num;
double d;

printf("Please input an integer and one floating-point number\n);

scanf("%d%lf",&num, &d);
printf("Your input values are %d and %f\n“, num, d);
return 0;
}

Interactive execution of program scanf.c

> scanfc.c
Please input one integer and one floating-point number
10 12.3456
Your input number is 10 and 12.345600
>

Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.

C for Engineers and Scientists

Problem Statement:

For the system shown in Figure1(a), the external force p is expressed as a

function of time t,
p(t) = 4(t-3)+20 when t >= 0
write a program to calculate the acceleration a according to the input values
for m, , and t.

Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.

C for Engineers and Scientists

/* File: accelio.c */
#include <stdio.h>
#define M_G 9.81
Program:
int main() {
double a, mu, m, p, t;
Using formatted
input function printf("***** Acceleration Calculator *****\n\n");
scanf. printf("Please enter value for mass in kilogram\n");
scanf("%lf", &m);
printf("mass is %lf (kg)====\n\n", m);
printf("Please enter value for friction coefficient\n");
scanf("%lf", &mu);
printf("friction coefficient is %lf\n\n", mu);
printf("Please enter value for time in second\n");
scanf("%lf", &t);
printf("time is %lf (s)\n\n", t);
p = 4*(t-3)+20;
a = (p-mu*m*M_G)/m;
printf("Acceleration a = %f (m/s^2)\n", a);
return 0;
}

Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.

C for Engineers and Scientists

Interactive execution:

> accelio.c
***** Acceleration Calculator *****

Please enter value for mass in kilogram

5
mass is 5.000000 (kg)

Please enter value for friction coefficient

0.2
friction coefficient is 0.200000

Please enter value for time in second

2
time is 2.000000 (s)

Acceleration a = 1.238000 (m/s^2)

Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.

C for Engineers and Scientists

Redirecting Input from

and Output into Files
1) Redirecting Output into Files
You can redirect standard output of a program into a file in a command
line by the output redirection symbol ‘>’.

2) Redirecting and Appending Output into Files

You can redirect and append standard output of a program into a file in
a command line by the append redirection symbol ‘>>’.

Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.

C for Engineers and Scientists

Program 1: Declare four variables to calculate the acceleration.

/* File: accelvar.c */
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
/* declare variables */
double a, /* acceleration */
mu, /* friction coefficient */
m, /* mass */
p; /* external force */

/* Initialize variables */
mu = 0.2;
m = 5.0;
p = 20.0;

/* Calculate the acceleration */

a = (p-mu*m*9.81)/m;

/* display output */
printf("Acceleration a = %f (m/s^2)\n", a);
return 0;
Output: }

Acceleration a = 2.038000 (m/s^2)

Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
C for Engineers and Scientists

The command below redirects the output from the program

accelvar.c into file accelvar.out

> accelvar.c > accelvar.out

>

The command below redirects and appends the output from

the program accelvar.c into file accelvar.out

> accelvar.c >> accelvar.out

>

Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.

C for Engineers and Scientists

Example: Program scanfc.c

/* File: scanfc.c for input and output example */
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int num;
double d;

printf("Please input an integer and one floating-point number\n);

scanf("%d%lf",&num, &d);
printf("Your input values are %d and %f\n“, num, d);
return 0;
}

Interactive execution of program scanf.c

> scanfc.c
Please input one integer and one floating-point number
10 12.3456
Your input number is 10 and 12.345600
>

Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.

C for Engineers and Scientists

3) Redirecting Input from Files

You can redirect standard input to a program from a file in a command line
by the input redirection symbol ‘<’. For example, if the file scanfc.dat contains
the data
10 12.3456
the command below redirects the standard input to the program scanfc.c from
the file scanfc.dat.

> scanfc.c < scanfc.data

Please input one integer and one floating-point number
Your input number is 10 and 12.345600
>

Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.

C for Engineers and Scientists

Running a C program with input in ChIDE

Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.

C for Engineers and Scientists

Debug a debug bar

program
in ChIDE
editing pane

When a program is
executed in debug
mode, the input breakpoint
and output are
redirected in a
debug pane
separate debug selection bar
console window.
debug pane

output pane
debug
command
pane

Created by Harry H. Cheng,  2009 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.