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Logarithms PowerPoint Presentation

The document introduces logarithms and their properties. It defines the logarithmic function loga(x) as the exponent to which the base a must be raised to equal the value x. Examples are provided to write logarithmic expressions in exponential form and vice versa. Properties of logarithms include the fact that loga(1)=0, loga(a)=1, and loga(ab)=loga(a)+loga(b). The document also discusses evaluating logarithmic expressions and using the change of base formula.

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3K views30 pages

Logarithms PowerPoint Presentation

The document introduces logarithms and their properties. It defines the logarithmic function loga(x) as the exponent to which the base a must be raised to equal the value x. Examples are provided to write logarithmic expressions in exponential form and vice versa. Properties of logarithms include the fact that loga(1)=0, loga(a)=1, and loga(ab)=loga(a)+loga(b). The document also discusses evaluating logarithmic expressions and using the change of base formula.

Uploaded by

shradha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction To

Logarithms
Definition of Logarithmic function with Base a

For x > 0 , a > 0 and a 1

y  log a x if and only if x  ay

The function given by f ( x)  log a x


( Read as “log base a of x”)

is called the logarithmic function with base a


Example 1:

Write 2  8 in logarithmic form.


3

Solution: log2 8  3

We read this as: ”the log


base 2 of 8 is equal to 3”.
Example 2:

1
Write 2 3
 in logarithmic form.
8
1
Solution: log2   3
8
1
Read as: "the log base 2 of is equal to -3".
8
Practice:

1. Write 7  49 in logarithmic form.


2

2. Write 5  1 in logarithmic form.


0

1
2
3. Write 10  in log arithmic form.
100
Example 1:

Write log3 81  4 in exp onential form

3  81
4
Solution:
Example 3:

1
Write log2   3 in exp onential form.
8

1
Solution: 2 3

8
Practice:

1. Write log10 100  2 in exp onential form.

1
2. Write log5   3 in exp onential form.
125

1
3. Write log27 3  in exp onential form.
3
Example 1
Solve for x: log6 x  2

Solution:
Let’s rewrite the problem
in exponential form.
6 x
2

We’re finished !
Example 2
1
Solve for y: log 5 y
25

Solution: Rewrite the problem in


exponential form.
1
5 
y  1
25

Since   5 2 

25
5 5
y 2

y  2
Example 3

Evaluate log3 27.

Solution:
Try setting this up like this:

log3 27  y Now rewrite in exponential form.


3  27
y

3 3
y 3

y3
Example 4

2
Evaluate: log7 7

Solution:
log7 7  y
2
First, we write the problem with a variable.

7 7
y 2
Now take it out of the logarithmic form
and write it in exponential form.
y2
Properties of logarithms

1. log a 1  0 because a0  1

2. log a a  1 because a1  a

3. log a a x  x and a loga x  x Inverse properties

4. If , log a x  log a y then x y One-to one property


Properties of Natural logarithms

1. ln 1  0 because e0  1

2. ln e  1 because e1  e

3. ln e x  x and e ln x  x Inverse properties

4. If , ln x  ln y then x y One-to one property


Example 1

Solve: log3 (4x 10)  log3 (x 1)

Solution:
Since the bases are both ‘3’ we simply set
the arguments equal.
4x 10  x 1
3x 10  1
3x   9
x 3
Example 2

Solve: log8 (x 14)  log8 (5x)


2

Solution:
Since the bases are both ‘8’ we simply set the arguments equal.

x 14  5x
2

x  5x 14  0
2
Factor
(x  7)(x  2)  0
(x  7)  0 or (x  2)  0
x  7 or x  2 continued on the next page
Example 2
continued

Solve: log8 (x 14)  log8 (5x)


2

Solution:
x  7 or x  2
It appears that we have 2 solutions here.
If we take a closer look at the definition of a
logarithm however, we will see that not only
must we use positive bases, but also we
see that the arguments must be positive as
well. Therefore -2 is not a solution.
Let’s end this lesson by taking a closer look
at this.
log 2 (8)  undefined WHY?

One easy explanation is to simply rewrite


this logarithm in exponential form.
We’ll then see why a negative value is not
permitted.

log 2 (8)  y First, we write the problem with a variable.

2  8
y
Now take it out of the logarithmic form
and write it in exponential form.
What power of 2 would gives us -8 ?
1
2  8 and 2
3 3

8
Hence expressions of this type are undefined.
Practice

1. log 2 ( x  1)  log 2 4
2. log 3 ( x  x)  log 3 6
2

3. ln( 2 x  1)  ln 15

4. ln( x  2)  ln 23
2
Properties of Logarithms (base b)

 Let b, u, and v be positive numbers such


that b≠1.
 Product property:
 logbuv = logbu + logbv
 Quotient property:
 logbu/v = logbu – logbv
 Power property:
 logbun = n logbu
Properties of Logarithms (Natural logarithms)
 Product property:
 ln uv = ln u + ln v
 Quotient property:
 ln u/v = ln u – ln v
 Power property:
 ln u n = n ln u
Example
Use the properties of logarithms to evaluate the
expression.
4
3 9)
a. log 3 (3 9 b. log 3 9

log 3 3  log 3 9
1
log 3 3   2 4

log 3 3  log 3 3 2
8
log 3 3
1 2
3 8

 Goal 1: Use properties of logarithms


Practice

c. log 5 125 d. log 2 4 5

3 10

 Goal 1: Use properties of logarithms


Expanding Log Expressions
Expand the expression. Assume x and y are positiv
3
7x
log 2  log2 7x
7 x  log2 y
3
Quotient Property
y
 log2 7  log2 x  log2 y
3
Product Property

 log 2 7  3log 2 x  log 2 y Power Property

 Goal 1: Use properties of logarithms


Practice
Expand the expression. Assume x and y are positive.
5
log 4x
log 4  log x 5

log 4  5 log x

 Goal 1: Use properties of logarithms


Condensing Log Expressions
Condense the expression. Assume x and y are positive
log 6  2 log 2  log 3
log 6  log 2  log 32
Power Property


log 6  2  log 3
2
 Product Property
62  2

log  log 8 Quotient Property


3 Simplify
 Goal 1: Use properties of logarithms
Practice
Condense the expression. Assume x and y are pos

2 log x  log 5
log x  log 5
2

2
log 5x

 Goal 1: Use properties of logarithms


Practice: Condense the following expressions

1. log 4 ( x  1)  2 log 4 ( x 1)  3 log 4 x

2. log x  2 log y  3 log z


3. ln x  4[ln( x  2)  ln( x  2)]

4.2 ln 8  5 ln( z  4)
Change-of-base Formula
How do I use a calculator to evaluate log with
different bases?

log 7 log b u
log 3 7  log c u 
log 3 log b c
0.8451

0.4771
 1.771
 Goal 1: Use properties of logarithms
Practice

a. log 5 7 b. log 4 19
log 7 log19
log 5 log 4
 1.209  2.124

 Goal 1: Use properties of logarithms

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