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Chi Squared

The chi square statistic measures how observed data compares to expected values. There are two main types of chi square tests: tests of independence, which examine relationships between variables, and goodness-of-fit tests, which examine how well an observed distribution fits an expected one. Chi square tests use degrees of freedom and p-values to determine whether to reject the null hypothesis that there is no relationship or difference between the observed and expected values.

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85 views17 pages

Chi Squared

The chi square statistic measures how observed data compares to expected values. There are two main types of chi square tests: tests of independence, which examine relationships between variables, and goodness-of-fit tests, which examine how well an observed distribution fits an expected one. Chi square tests use degrees of freedom and p-values to determine whether to reject the null hypothesis that there is no relationship or difference between the observed and expected values.

Uploaded by

Anthony Abesado
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chi Square Statistic

What is Chi Square ?


• A chi square (χ2) statistic is a test that measures how expectations
compare to actual observed data (or model results).
• The data used in calculating a chi square statistic must be random,
raw, mutually exclusive, drawn from independent variables, and
drawn from a large enough sample.
Other Properties of Chi Square test
• There are two main kinds of chi square tests: the test of
independence, which asks a question of relationship, such as, "Is
there a relationship between gender and SAT scores?"; and
the goodness-of-fit test, which asks something like "If a coin is tossed
100 times, will it come up heads 50 times and tails 50 times?"
Other Properties of Chi Square test
• For these tests, degrees of freedom are utilized to determine if a
certain null hypothesis can be rejected based on the total number of
variables and samples within the experiment.
• A chi square (χ2) statistic is a test that measures how expectations
compare to actual observed data.
• There are two main kinds of chi square tests: the test of
independence for data and tests of goodness of fit for a model.
• These tests can be used to determine if a certain null hypothesis can
be rejected in hypothesis testing.
Application
• You research two groups and put them in categories single, married
or divorced:
•
• The numbers are definitely different, but ...
• Is that just random chance?
• Or have you found something interesting?

• The Chi-Square Test gives a "p" value to help you decide!


What is the “p value”?
Important Points
• This test only works for categorical data (data in categories), such as
Gender {Men, Women} or color {Red, Yellow, Green, Blue} etc, but not
numerical data such as height or weight.
• The numbers must be large enough. Each entry must be 5 or more. In
our example we have values such as 209, 282, etc, so we are good to
go.
First step: State the Hypotheses
• Gender and preference for cats or dogs are independent.
• Gender and preference for cats or dogs are not independent.
Layout the data
Calculate:
Calculate:
Calculate:
From Chi-Square to p
• To get from Chi-Square to p-value is a difficult calculation, so either
look it up in a table, or use the Chi-Square Calculator.
• But first you will need a "Degree of Freedom" (DF)
• Calculate Degrees of Freedom
• Multiply (rows − 1) by (columns − 1)
• Example: DF = (2 − 1)(2 − 1) = 1×1 = 1
• Result
• The result is:
• p = 0.04283
Summary
• A chi square (χ2) statistic is a test that measures how expectations
compare to actual observed data.
• There are two main kinds of chi square tests: the test of
independence for data and tests of goodness of fit for a model.
• These tests can be used to determine if a certain null hypothesis can
be rejected in hypothesis testing.

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