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Computer Network - CS610 Power Point Slides Lecture 29

The document discusses IP datagrams and datagram forwarding. It describes the connectionless service provided by IP, the format and size of IP datagrams, how routers use routing tables and address masks to forward datagrams, and that IP provides best-effort delivery without guarantees.

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Ibrahim Choudary
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76 views21 pages

Computer Network - CS610 Power Point Slides Lecture 29

The document discusses IP datagrams and datagram forwarding. It describes the connectionless service provided by IP, the format and size of IP datagrams, how routers use routing tables and address masks to forward datagrams, and that IP provides best-effort delivery without guarantees.

Uploaded by

Ibrahim Choudary
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPUTER NETWORKS

CS610
Lecture-29
Hammad Khalid Khan
Review Lecture 28
 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
 ARP Message Delivery & Format
 Sending an ARP Message
 Identifying ARP Responses
 Caching ARP Responses
 Processing an Incoming ARP Message
 Layering, Address Resolution and Protocol Addresses
Chapter 20
IP Datagrams and Datagram
Forwarding
Introduction
 Fundamental Internet communication service

 Format of packets

 Processing of packets by Routers

– Forwarding
– Delivery
Connectionless service
 End-to-end delivery service is connectionless

 Extension of LAN abstraction


– Universal addressing
– Data delivered in packets (frames), each with a header

 Combines collection of physical networks into single, virtual network.


Connectionless service
 Transport protocols use this connectionless service to provide:

– Connectionless data delivery (UDP)

and

– Connection-oriented data delivery (TCP)


Virtual Packets

 Packets serve same purpose in internet as frames on LAN.

 Each has a header.

 Routers (formerly gateways) forward between physical networks.


Virtual Packets
 Packets have a uniform, hardware-independent format.
– Includes header and data.
– Can't use format from any particular hardware.

 Encapsulated in hardware frames for delivery across each physical network.


IP Datagram Format
 Formally, the unit of IP data delivery is called a Datagram.
 Includes header area and data area.
IP Datagram Size
 Datagrams can have different sizes:

– Header area usually fixed (20 octets) but can have


options.

– Data area can contain between 1 octet and 65,535 octets


(216 - 1).

– Usually, data area is much larger than header.


Forwarding Datagrams

 Header contains all information needed to deliver datagram


to the destination computer.
– Destination address
– Source address
– Identifier
– Other delivery information

 Router examines header of each datagram and forwards


datagram along path to destination.
Routing Table

 For efficiency, information about forwarding is stored in a


routing table.
– Initialized at system initialization.
– Must be updated as network topology changes.

 Contains list of destination networks and next hop for each


destination.
Routing Table
Routing Tables & Address Masks
 In practice, additional information is kept in routing table.
 Destination stored as network address.
 Next hop stored as IP address of router.
 Address mask defines how many bits of address are in prefix.
– Prefix defines how much of address used to identify
network.
– E.g., class A mask is 255.0.0.0.
– Used for subnetting.
Routing Tables & Address Masks
Address Masks

 To identify destination network, apply address mask to


destination address and compare to network address in
routing table.

 Can use Boolean and


 if ((Mask[i] & D) == Dest[i]) forward to NextHop[i].
Address Masks
Forwarding, Destination Address and Next-
hop
 Destination address in IP datagram is always ultimate
destination.
 Router looks up next-hop address and forwards datagram.
 Network interface layer takes two parameters:
– IP datagram
– Next-hop address
 Next-hop address never appears in IP datagram.
Best-Effort Delivery

 IP provides service equivalent to LAN.

 Does not guarantee to prevent:

– Duplicate datagrams
– Delayed or out-of-order delivery
– Corruption of data
– Datagram loss
Best-Effort Delivery

 Reliable delivery provided by Transport layer


 Network layer - IP - can detect and report errors without
actually fixing them.
– Network layer focuses on datagram delivery.
– Application layer not is interested in differentiating among
delivery problems at intermediate routers.
Summary
 IP Datagram and Datagram Forwarding
 Connectionless service
 Virtual Packets
 IP Datagram Format and Size
 Routing Table and Address Masks
 Best Effort Delivery

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