IBW/ DAS

OVERVIEW
TOPICS COVERED

• What is IBS/ IBW

• IBW Requirement
• Types of IBS Solutions
• Survey & Planning
• Equipment's used
• Link Budget calculation
IBS/ IBW
• An IBS (In-building Solution or In- Building Wireless) is a platform (mini-site) for a
wireless system providing mobile coverage inside buildings (offices, malls,
hospitals etc), where the coverage, capacity or quality otherwise would not had
been satisfactory.
IBS can include both cellular standards such as GSM (2G), WCDMA (3G), LTE (4G)
and 5G and/or non-cellular standards like Wi-Fi.
1.In-building Solution (IBS) / Distributed Antenna System (DAS)
2.Small Cell Coverage within building premises
3.Signal is restricted inside the building
4.Antenna installed inside the building
5.Low Transmit Power of Antenna
6.Smaller Antenna size
 WHY IBW REQUIRED
• The purpose of an in-building wireless (IBW) system is to provide enhanced network
coverage and/or capacity when the existing macro network is not able to adequately
service the demand.
• Coverage may be poor due to high penetration losses caused by the building structure or
due to low emissivity glass installed to improve the thermal performance of the building.
• In dense urban environments, adjacent buildings may create an RF barrier that blocks
coverage from nearby macro sites. Tall buildings typically have poor coverage on upper
floors since macro site antennas, many floors below, are specifically designed to suppress
energy radiating above the horizon.
• Capacity may be an issue in venues such as stadiums, coliseums and convention centers
where many thousands of users may be trying to simultaneously access the network.
TYPES OF IBW CELLULAR SOLUTIONS
DAS
• Passive DAS
• Active DAS
• Hybrid DAS
• Digital DAS
DRS
DSC
DAS

• A distributed antenna system,

or DAS, is a network of spatially
separated antenna nodes connected to a
common source via a transport medium
that provides wireless service within a
geographic area or structure.
• A distributed antenna system may be
deployed indoors (an iDAS) or outdoors
(an oDAS)
PASSIVE DAS

• In a passive DAS, signals from

one or more RF sources are
distributed throughout the venue
using only passive components
(coaxial cable, splitters,
directional couplers, etc.).
• Beyond the signal sources, there
are only losses (no gain
elements.)
 ACTIVE DAS
•Active DAS systems where downlink
signals from one or more RF sources are
conditioned, combined and converted to
light for distribution over fiber optic cables
to radio units distributed throughout the
venue. The radio units convert the optical
inputs back to RF, amplify the signals and
re-broadcast them through either
integrated or external antennas to users
inside the building.

•In the uplink direction, the process is

reversed with the radio units converting
received signals to light and transporting
them back to the head-end equipment
over fiber. In the head-end unit, the uplink
signals are converted back to RF,
separated by frequency and delivered to
each operator’s base station equipment.
Active electronics containing gain
elements in both the uplink and downlink
directions are used in this configuration,
hence the name “active DAS.”
 HYBRID DAS
To mitigate the high cost of a purely
active DAS, hybrid configurations
are often deployed. A hybrid DAS
uses active components to
transport signals from the head-end
equipment room to zones of
coverage and passive components
to distribute the signal within each
zone. Higher power radio units are
required in a hybrid DAS
configuration to overcome the loss
of the passive network beyond the
radio. Fewer of these radios are
required, however, with fewer fiber
optic cables to pull throughout the
venue, providing lower overall cost.
Figure is an illustration of a hybrid
DAS where one sector of capacity
from two different signal sources
provide coverage to two floors of a
building.
 DIGITAL DAS
• Digital DAS utilize radios manufactured
by the DAS equipment provider, not
radios manufactured by the NEM. Digital
DAS are also able to accept RF inputs
from a variety of NEM base stations with
centralized base band processing and
centralized radio resources.

• Packets of digitized RF data from each

signal source are time division
multiplexed on the optical and/or
electrical links. Common Public Radio
Interface (CPRI) or other proprietary radio
data interface protocols may be used for
communications within the DAS. Because
each packet contains a destination
address, transmitted data can be routed
to specific radio units, creating the ability
to dynamically distribute capacity
throughout the venue rather than relying
on fixed resource assignments.

• Example- Commercial complex with Mall

DRS
(DISTRIBUTED
RADIO SYSTEM)
• In a Distributed Radio System (DRS),
the NEM base band processing is
located in a central location and the
NEM radio resources are distributed.

• DRS utilize a single NEM’s

equipment throughout and support
only one operator on the system.
Initial DRS equipment supported
only one frequency band, but
advances have been made enabling
multi-band / multi-technology DRS.

• The Ericsson DOT and Hauwei

LampSite solutions are examples of
DRS in use by network operators
around the world.
 DSC (DISTRIBUTED SMALL
CELL)
In a Distributed Small Cell (DSC)
system, the NEM base band
processing and radio resources are
distributed throughout the facility
using small cell base stations. Each
small cell is a fully functioning
“pico” sized base station with
integrated antenna and, in some
cases, integrated WiFi access point.
DSC utilize standard CAT5 / CAT6
local area network (LAN) cables
and Ethernet switches to
aggregate backhaul from the
multiple small cells distributed
throughout a building. The local
controller coordinates the small
cells within the venue and presents
the group as a single cell ID to the
operator’s core network..
IBS PLANNING
Site Survey
• Propagation Measurement.
• Final BTS & Antenna location.
• Final Cable routing.
• Photos of Antenna Location, BTS Location, Microwave Pole
location.
Tool Planning (iBwave, Ranplan etc)
Link Budget calculation
TSSR for IBW solutions with Media
IBS SURVEY STEPS-
1. Study the building architecture, with the help of floor plans & guidance from
Building authorities
2. Understand the requirements need in terms of Coverage, Capacity, future
Subscriber growth etc.
3. Identify the duct for the cable routing & component location.
4. Survey on each floor using Netvelocity and floor plan.
5. Mark the present signal level and the antenna location to be installed in the
floor plan.
6. Note down all the present serving cell information like RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, etc.
7. Identify the BTS location, antenna locations and mark on the floor plan.
8. Also not down the type of ceiling, whether pop cutting is required or not
and availability of cable tray.
9. Identify if any future planning is required or not in case of under
construction buildings.
INDOOR PROPAGATION-
 Indoor channels are different from traditional mobile radio channels in two
different ways
• The distances covered are much smaller
• The variability of the environment is much greater for a much
smaller range of Tx-Rx separation distances.

 The propagation inside a building is influenced by

• Layout of the building
• Construction materials

 Typical building type

• Sports arena, residential home, factory,...

 Indoor propagation is dominated by the same mechanisms as outdoor

• reflection, scattering, diffraction.
INDOOR PROPAGATION-
 However, conditions are much more variable
• Doors/windows open or not

 The mounting place of antenna

• On the wall, ceiling, etc.
• The level of floors

 In building path loss factors

• Partition losses (same floor)
• Partition losses between floors
INDOOR PROPAGATION-
PARTITION LOSSES
 There are two kind of partition at the same floor:
• Hard partitions: the walls of the rooms
• Soft partitions: moveable partitions that does not span to the
ceiling
• The path loss depends on the type of the partitions

PARTITION LOSSES BETWEEN FLOORS

 The losses between floors of a building are determined by
• External dimensions and materials of the building
• Type of construction used to create floors
• External surroundings
• Number of windows
• Presence of tinting on windows
ANTENNA SYSTEM USED IN IBS
Integrated Antenna System
An Indoor area covered by one location e.g., open premises like sports arena, railway
station where BTS is mounted on the wall connected to the Integrated antenna system
Antennas Distributed Via Coax Feeder Network
This is the most simplified method used in IBS. It has some advantage like low cost,
flexibility in the Design when shaping the coverage area, robust and well proven technique
Leaky Cable/ Radiating Cables
This type is mainly used in Train tunnels, where it is tough to install with Coax feeder
network. It also has flexible design but it is costly
Antennas Distributed Via Fiber Optic Network
Low attenuation is the key factor for the deploying IBS through fiber optic network. Even
though it has some advantages like low attenuation, easy installation, it has disadvantages
like very expensive, poor design flexibility and power supply needed for antenna units
IBWAVE TOOL
PLANNING-
ANTENNA
PLANNING
IBWAVE TOOL
PLANNING-
CONNECTIVIT
Y DIAGRAM
IBWAVE TOOL
PLANNING-
COVERAGE
PREDICTIONS
IBWAVE TOOL
PLANNING-3D
MODELLING
LINK BUDGET CALCULATION
 It is basically for power that is required at antenna end, it depends on the components that has been
used from BTS to antenna that is ERP (Effective Radiated Power)

 We generally deal with EIRP ( Effective Isotropic Radiated Power ),which is defined below.

 EIRP( Effective Isotropic Radiated Power )= ERP( Effective Radiated Power ) + Gain of that component
– Losses of the Components

 Path Loss- 32.4 + 20 log(d/1000) + 20 log(f in MHz)

 List of components with losses and gains in IBS:

1) SPLITTERS
2) COUPLERS
3) CABLES
4) ANTENNAS
5) COMBINER
6) JUMPER CABLE
LINK BUDGET CALCULATION
 It is basically for power that is required at antenna end, it depends on the components that has been
used from BTS to antenna that is ERP (Effective Radiated Power)

 We generally deal with EIRP ( Effective Isotropic Radiated Power ),which is defined below.

 EIRP( Effective Isotropic Radiated Power )= ERP( Effective Radiated Power ) + Gain of that component

 Path Loss- 34.2 + 20 log(d) + 20 log(f)

 List of components with losses and gains in IBS:

1) SPLITTERS
2) COUPLERS
3) CABLES
4) ANTENNAS
5) COMBINER
6) JUMPER CABLE
SPLITTERS

Splitters Loss (dB)

2 WAY -3
3 WAY -5
4 WAY -6

2 WAY 3 WAY 4 WAY

COUPLERS THROUGH PORT

COUPLED PORT

Loss at Coupled port Loss at Thru Port

Type
(dB) (dB)
7 dB -7 -1.5

10 dB -10 -0.5

15 dB -15 -0.3

NOTE: Ideally there should be 0 dB loss at through port. But there is always some loss, which is
mentioned in table.

INPUT
CABLES

Loss (dB) in
Cables
900 MHz
½ ‘’( LDF4-50 A) -0.11
7/8 ‘’( LDF5-50 A ) -0.06
1-5/8’’ ( LDF7-50 A ) -0.03
ANTENNA

Types of Antenna Gain (dB)

OMNI ANTENNA 2.1
PANEL ANTENNA 7
 COMBINER
A combiner is the device that enables several transmitters to transmitter from the same antenna.

Type Loss
HYBRID COMBINER( 2 I/P,1
O/P ) 3 dB

TX 1
A
N
T
e. g TRX E
N
N
TX 2 A
CALCULATION

Cable
½’’
7/8’’
 LINK BUDGET CALCULATION

Antenna ID Loss/Gain S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8

Cable length 1/2" (m) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

CALCULATION
Cable length 1/2" (m) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Cable length 1/2" (m) 10 10 10 10 10 10 20 20

Cable length 1/2" (m)

Total Cable length 25 25 25 25 25 25 35 35

Path Loss=
Total Cable Loss 1/2" (m)at 900MHz -0.11 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -2.8 -3.9 -3.9

Cable length 7/8" (m) 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

34.2+20 log(d)+20 log(f) Total Cable Loss 7/8" (dB)at 900

Connector
-0.06

-0.25
-1.5

8
-1.5

8
-1.5

8
-1.5

8
-1.5

8
-1.5

8
-1.5

8
-1.5

Connector Loss (dB) -2.0 -2.0 -2.0 -2.0 -2.0 -2.0 -2.0 -2.0

=34.2+20 log(15/1000)+ 20 Jumper

Jumper Loss (dB)

-0.50 0

0.0
0

0.0 0.0
0 0

0.0
0

0.0
0

0.0
0

0.0
0

0.0

log (900) Coupler C7 (thru)

Coupler C7(coupling)
-1.00

-7.00

=34.2+(-36.4)+59.08 Total Coupler Loss 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

=56.8 Splitter 2-way

Splitter 3-way
-3.00

-5.00
1

1
1

1
1

1
1

1
1

1
1

1
1

1
1

Splitter 4-way -6.00 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Total Splitter Loss -14.0 -14.0 -14.0 -14.0 -14.0 -14.0 -14.0 -14.0

Rx Level at antenna= Total Sum Losses at 900MHz

BTS Rack Top Power (dBm) at 900MHz

-20.3

40.0
-20.3

40.0
-20.3

40.0
-20.3

40.0
-20.3

40.0
-20.3

40.0
-21.4

40.0
-21.4

40.0

Path Loss- EIRP Combiner/Diplexer Loss 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0

=56.8-23.4=33.5
BTS Jumper Loss -1.5 -1.5 -1.5 -1.5 -1.5 -1.5 -1.5 -1.5

Antenna Gain (dBi) 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1

Antenna EIRP (dBm) at 900 MHz 23.4 23.4 23.4 23.4 23.4 23.4 22.3 22.3
Distance from Service Antenna in meters 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0
Total Path Loss in dB at 15 Mtr 56.8 56.0 56.0 56.0 56.0 56.0 56.0 56.0
Rx Level (dB) from Service Antenna at 15m -33.5 -32.7 -32.7 -32.7 -32.7 -32.7 -33.8 -33.8
distance from Antenna
THANK YOU