CHN-112 ENERGY

ENGINEERING
 RICHARD SMALLEY, NOBEL PRIZE WINNER 1996:

TOP 10 PROBLEMS OF HUMANITY

SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR
DETERMINING THE PROSPERITY OF A
HUMAN SOCIETY

Out of 7 billion people

worldwide only 1.5 billion
enjoy modern quality energy

Bringing rest of the people up

in the economic ladder of
human civilization, requires
2011 7.0 Billion People abundant, low-cost, clean
2050 ~ 10 Billion People energy
 Importance of energy
• “Energy is the currency of Civilization”

• Energy can neither be created nor destroyed (first law of

thermodynamics). It may change forms in any given process.

• Energy use is directly related to the development

• Development is important for all countries and hence

energy needs are ever increasing – a big challenge

• Most widely used energy sources include: Coal, oil, natural

gas, hydropower, nuclear and fast developing source –
Biomass

• Energy use is strongly related to environmental pollution

Global Primary Energy Supply

Other
1%
Hydro
2% Waste Reuse
11%
Coal
Nuclear 23%
7%

Natural Gas
21%
Oil
35%
 COURSE CONTENTS
• Coal - CO2 401.89 ppm Jan 2, 2016; 260 ppm before industrialization
• Petroleum /NG – CO2
• Biomass- CO2 neutral
• Solar- Clean - photovoltaic systems
• Wind- Clean
• Hydro- Clean
• Nuclear- Clean
• Energy conservation- Required
ENERGY CONSUMPTION VS GDP (PER
CAPITA)

India
$2762;0.4kW
Q=10^18
 HOW TO MEASURE ENERGY
UTILIZATION?

 Consumption Per Capita

 Gross Domestic Product

 MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY
UTILIZATION
 Consumption Per Capita (Per Person)
Energy Consumption/Population
Total energy : MJ/capita
Electricity : kW or MW/capita
 Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
The monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced within
country on annual basis. It includes all of private and public consumption, government
outlays, investments and exports less imports that occur within a defined territory.

GDP = C + G + I + NX

C is equal to all consumer spending

G is the sum of government spending
I is the sum of all the country's businesses spending
NX is the net exports, calculated as total exports minus total imports
ENERGY INTENSITY AND ENERGY
EFFICIENCY
Energy Intensity is a measure of the energy efficiency of a
nation's economy. It is calculated as energy consumed per $ of
GDP produced (MJ/$ or MBtu/$).

Energy Efficiency is a $ of GDP produced by the unit amount

of energy ($/MJ or $/MBtu).

Animal dung : Dry cake: ~10%

Biogas : ~ 70% +manure
Biomass/wood : ~15%- gasification/pyrolysis
Agriculture residue: open burning
ENERGY INTENSITY
GDP Vs ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Solar
Small hydro
Wind mills
Bhargava cycle

5-h energy
drink
ENERGY SOURCE AND RESOURCES

Source of almost all the world’s energy:

SUN

Coal, petroleum, natural gas, biomass,

tidal, wind and hydro is manifestation of
solar energy

Nuclear and geothermal are beyond this

definition: at the time of creation of earth
CLASSIFICATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES
Energy Resources

Nonrenewable/ Renewable/
Conventional Non-conventional
(Not replenished after use) (naturally replenished after use)

Coal Solar
Oil Fossil fuels Wind
Gas Biomass
Nuclear Hydro (large and small)
Geothermal Tidal
 BASIC FORMS OF ENERGY

1. Chemical energy

2. Thermal energy

3. Mechanical energy

4. Electrical energy

Electrical energy form

is most convenient to
handle, but costliest.
 ENERGY CONVERSION

Chemical Thermal

Electrical Mechanical
 ENERGY CONVERSION

Combustion

Chemical Thermal
Endothermic
reaction
 Chemical energy: Carbon and
Hydrogen
 Fossil fuels: Coal, Petroleum, NG
 Biomass
 Efficiency: 10-95% +  Thermal energy can be
 Boilers: fluidized bed-rice husk, stored by reactions
supercritical reverse of combustion
 Furnaces: furnace oil, NG  Not of commercial use
 Pollution creator: CO, NOx, SOx, SPM,
RSPM, thermal pollution, ash, mercury,
arsenic, etc.
 ENERGY CONVERSION

I.C. Engine *
C.I. : 40%
Thermal
S.I. : 30%
Steam turbine : 45%; BHEL,1000MW
Gas turbine : 35%:ATF
Steam engine : 12%
Efficiency is limited by Carnot Cycle η=1-Tc/Th
* Chemical to mechanical

Friction

Mechanical
 TYPES OF ENGINES
1. Spark Ignition (SI) : 1880 Nicholas Otto, German engineer
Compression ratio: 1: 8, Gasoline-Octane number, 88 & 91(IOCL Extra
Premium)
Four stroke: Intake stroke (Gasoline/petrol + Air mixture)
Compression stroke
Power stroke : spark is given to initiate combustion
Exhaust stroke
Octane No. Isooctane + n Heptane

2. Compression Ignition (CI) : 1893 Rudolf Diesel, German

Compression ratio: 1:15, Diesel-Cetane number, 46+
Four stroke: Intake stroke (Air only)
Compression stroke
Power stroke : Diesel injected to have combustion
Exhaust stroke
Cetane No. Cetane + 1-methylnapthalene
 ENERGY CONVERSION
Electrical generator
Electrical motor BHEL:1000MW, H2 Cooling
Efficiency: 65-90% + Efficiency: 95% +

Electrical Mechanical
 ENERGY CONVERSION

Chemical Lead acid batteries

Li-ion batteries
Efficiency: 75%

Dry batteries: 90%

Lead acid batteries: 75%
Li-ion batteries: 75%
Fuel cells:70%:R&D

Solution of energy and

Electrical environment problems
 ENERGY CONVERSION
Resistance heating: 100%
Inductive heating: 80%+
Electric arc: 60% + Thermal
Electric bulb: 100%

Thermoelectrics: 10%
Seeback effect/thermocouples
Electrical MHD (Magneto Hydro Dynamics): 10%

BHEL is working on MHD

 WORLD ENERGY SOURCES,
RESOURCES AND DEMANDS
Sources MJ/year TW
Photosynthesis 1.6 x 1016 500
Solar radiation earth 5.4 x 1018 1.8 x 105
Solar (total) 1.1 x 1029 3.5 x 1015

Resources MJ
Oil 1.8 x 1016
Gas 1.6 x 1016
Coal 2.9 x 1017
Fission 2.5 x 1018

Demands MJ/year TW
Man 5 x 103 1.6 x 10-10
India 16.1 x 1012 1.22
World energy consump 4.8 x 1014 15.0
 WORLD NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY
RESERVES

Oil : 18.4 ZJ/143 Bt

Coal : 290 ZJ/948 Bt
Gas : 15.7 ZJ/192 Tm3
Nuclear : 2500 ZJ/5.9 Mt

Zetta=1021
WORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION
OIL
 Brent: Sweet crude
$37.5/bbl

Energy Information Administration

 WORLD OIL RESERVES
Oil: Proved reserves at end 1993 at end 2003 at end 2012 at end 2013
Thousand Thousand Thousand Thousand Thousand
million million million million million Share R/P
barrels barrels barrels tonnes barrels of total ratio

US 30.2 29.4 44.2 5.4 44.2 2.6% 12.1

Canada 39.5 180.4 174.3 28.1 174.3 10.3% *
Mexico 50.8 16.0 11.4 1.5 11.1 0.7% 10.6
Total North Am erica 120.5 225.8 229.9 35.0 229.6 13.6% 37.4

Argentina 2.2 2.7 2.4 0.3 2.4 0.1% 9.8

Brazil 5.0 10.6 15.3 2.3 15.6 0.9% 20.2
Colombia 3.2 1.5 2.2 0.3 2.4 0.1% 6.5
Ecuador 3.7 5.1 8.4 1.2 8.2 0.5% 42.6
Peru 0.8 0.9 1.4 0.2 1.4 0.1% 37.5
Trinidad & Tobago 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.1 0.8 w 19.2
Venezuela 64.4 77.2 297.6 46.6 298.3 17.7% *
Other S. & Cent. America 0.9 1.5 0.5 0.1 0.5 w 9.6
Total S. & Cent. Am erica 80.7 100.4 328.6 51.1 329.6 19.5% *

Azerbaijan n/a 7.0 7.0 1.0 7.0 0.4% 21.9

Denmark 0.7 1.3 0.7 0.1 0.7 w 10.3
Italy 0.6 0.8 1.4 0.2 1.4 0.1% 32.7
Kazakhstan n/a 9.0 30.0 3.9 30.0 1.8% 46.0
Norw ay 9.6 10.1 9.2 1.0 8.7 0.5% 12.9
Romania 1.0 0.5 0.6 0.1 0.6 w 19.0
Russian Federation n/a 79.0 92.1 12.7 93.0 5.5% 23.6
Turkmenistan n/a 0.5 0.6 0.1 0.6 w 7.1
United Kingdom 4.5 4.3 3.0 0.4 3.0 0.2% 9.6
Uzbekistan n/a 0.6 0.6 0.1 0.6 w 25.9
Other Europe & Eurasia 61.8 2.3 2.1 0.3 2.2 0.1% 15.1
Total Europe & Eurasia 78.3 115.5 147.4 19.9 147.8 8.8% 23.5

Iran 92.9 133.3 157.0 21.6 157.0 9.3% *

Iraq 100.0 115.0 150.0 20.2 150.0 8.9% *
Kuw ait 96.5 99.0 101.5 14.0 101.5 6.0% 89.0
Oman 5.0 5.6 5.5 0.7 5.5 0.3% 16.0
Qatar 3.1 27.0 25.2 2.6 25.1 1.5% 34.4
Saudi Arabia 261.4 262.7 265.9 36.5 265.9 15.8% 63.2
Syria 3.0 2.4 2.5 0.3 2.5 0.1% *
United Arab Emirates 98.1 97.8 97.8 13.0 97.8 5.8% 73.5
Yemen 2.0 2.8 3.0 0.4 3.0 0.2% 51.2
Other Middle East 0.1 0.1 0.3 ^ 0.3 w 3.4
Total Middle East 661.9 745.7 808.7 109.4 808.5 47.9% 78.1
Algeria 9.2 11.8 12.2 1.5 12.2 0.7% 21.2
Angola 1.9 8.8 12.7 1.7 12.7 0.8% 19.3
Chad - 0.9 1.5 0.2 1.5 0.1% 43.5
Rep. of Congo (Brazzaville) 0.7 1.5 1.6 0.2 1.6 0.1% 15.6
Egypt 3.4 3.5 4.2 0.5 3.9 0.2% 15.0
Equatorial Guinea 0.3 1.3 1.7 0.2 1.7 0.1% 15.0
Gabon 0.7 2.3 2.0 0.3 2.0 0.1% 23.1
Libya 22.8 39.1 48.5 6.3 48.5 2.9% *
Nigeria 21.0 35.3 37.1 5.0 37.1 2.2% 43.8
South Sudan - - 3.5 0.5 3.5 0.2% 96.9
Sudan 0.3 0.6 1.5 0.2 1.5 0.1% 33.7
Tunisia 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.4 w 18.7
Other Africa 0.6 0.6 3.7 0.5 3.7 0.2% 47.7
Total Africa 61.2 106.2 130.6 17.3 130.3 7.7% 40.5

Australia 3.3 3.7 3.9 0.4 4.0 0.2% 26.1

Brunei 1.3 1.0 1.1 0.1 1.1 0.1% 22.3
China 16.4 15.5 18.1 2.5 18.1 1.1% 11.9
India 5.9 5.7 5.7 0.8 5.7 0.3% 17.5
Indonesia 5.2 4.7 3.7 0.5 3.7 0.2% 11.6
Malaysia 5.0 4.8 3.7 0.5 3.7 0.2% 15.3
Thailand 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.4 w 2.5
Vietnam 0.6 3.0 4.4 0.6 4.4 0.3% 34.5
Other Asia Pacific 1.1 1.4 1.1 0.1 1.1 0.1% 11.2
Total Asia Pacific 38.8 40.5 42.1 5.6 42.1 2.5% 14.0

Total World 1041.4 1334.1 1687.3 238.2 1687.9 100.0% 53.3

of w hich: OECD 140.8 247.5 249.6 37.3 248.8 14.7% 33.2
Non-OECD 900.6 1086.6 1437.7 200.9 1439.1 85.3% 59.5
OPEC 774.9 912.1 1213.8 170.2 1214.2 71.9% 90.3
Non-OPEC £ 206.3 325.2 342.6 50.1 341.9 20.3% 26.0
European Union # 8.1 8.0 6.8 0.9 6.8 0.4% 13.0
Former Soviet Union 60.1 96.8 130.9 17.9 131.8 7.8% 26.0
Canadian oil sands: Total 32.3 174.4 167.8 27.3 167.8
of w hich: Under active development 2.9 10.8 25.9 4.2 25.9
Venezuela: Orinoco Belt - - 220.0 35.4 220.5
 WORLD REMAINING OIL BREAKDOWN

Tar sands are a type of

unconventional petroleum deposit.
The sands contain naturally
occurring mixtures of sand, clay,
water, and a dense and extremely
viscous form of petroleum
technically referred to as bitumen
Oil shale, an organic-rich fine-
grained sedimentary rock, contains
significant amounts of kerogen (a
solid mixture of organic chemical
compounds) from which liquid
hydrocarbons called shale oil can be
produced

Zetta=1021
COAL
WORLD COAL RESERVES
 Top Ten Coal Producers (2013)
PR China 3561Mt Russia 347Mt

USA 904Mt South Africa 256Mt

India 613Mt Germany 191Mt

Indonesia 489Mt Poland 143Mt

Australia 459Mt Kazakhstan 120Mt

World coal association

 Top Coal Exporters (2013)
Total of which Steam Coking

Indonesia 426Mt 423Mt 3Mt

Australia 336Mt 182Mt 154Mt

Russia 141Mt 118Mt 22Mt

USA 107Mt 47Mt 60Mt

Colombia 74Mt 73Mt 1Mt

South Africa 72Mt 72Mt 0Mt

Canada 37Mt 4Mt 33Mt

GAS
World natural gas proved reserves 1960-2012 (OPEC)
NUCLEAR
WORLD RENEWABLE ENRGY
AVAILABILITY

500 TW

Biomass
 INDIAN
ENERGY
SCENARIO
 FACTS ABOUT INDIAN ENERGY
SCENARIO
 Electricity Generation in 1947 1,362 MW
 Electricity Generation in 2014 2,49,488 MW(as on 30.6.2014)
 Peak Shortage 17 %
 Average Shortage 13 %
 Villages Electrified 84%
 Rural House holds Electrified 66.5%
 Shortage of energy and electricity among the main causes of
slower growth
 All resources of energy need to be tapped
 Hydropower and all renewable energy receiving special attention
in India
RESERVES OF NON RENEWABLE ENERGY
IN INDIA
1. Coal reserves : 255 Bt

2. Oil : 726 Mt

3. Natural gas : 1055 BCM

4. Nuclear
Uranium : 78 kt (world’s 0.8%)
Thorium : 360 kt (world’s highest)
India households by primary fuel
used for cooking Percentage
Fuel Type Total Rural Urban

Firewood 49.0 62.5 20.1

Crop residue 8.9 12.3 1.4

Cowdung cake 7.9 10.9 1.7

Coal, Lignite, Charcoal 1.4 0.8 2.9

Kerosene 2.9 0.7 7.5

Liquefied Petroleum Gases/Piped 28.5 11.4 65.0

Natural Gas

Electicity 0.1 0.1 0.1

Bio-gas 0.4 0.4 0.4

Any other 0.5 0.6 0.2

No cooking 0.3 0.2 0.5

Source: India Census 2011

 POTENTIAL OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
IN INDIA
1. Large hydro : 148,700 MW
2. Small hydro (up to 25 MW) : 15,000 MW
3. Biomass (includes 5000 MW from : 21,000 MW
cogeneration in sugar industry) : 400-500 MT
4. Wind : 45,000 MW
5. Geothermal : 10,600 MW
6. Solar (PV based) : 20 MW/km 2
7. Tidal : 2100 MW
ENERGY EFFICIENCY-HIGH PRIORITY

 Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE).

 Standards and Labeling of appliances.

 Building-codes being developed.

 Energy conservation norms for industry and
performance standards for equipment being
developed. CFL, LED

 Public awareness campaign being launched.

SECTORS OF ECONOMY AND ENERGY
CONSUMPTION

1. Agriculture
2. Industry
3. Transport
4. Domestic
5. Others
SECTOR WISE ELECTRICAL ENERGY
CONSUMPTION IN INDIA
1. Agriculture : 21.95%
2. Industry : 36.80%
3. Transport : 2.41%
4. Domestic : 24.30%
5. Others : 14.57%
 AGRICULTURE SECTOR
 Cropped area: 190.64 Mha
 Irrigated area: 76.82 Mha
 GDP contribution: 13.7% (2013/14)
 Export: 19% of total
 Employment to ~50% population (2013/14)
 Food grain production: 212 MT
 Second largest producer of fruits (53 MT) and vegetables
(108 MT) in world
 Largest producer of milk in world (115 MT)
 Sugarcane production II highest in world (342 MT)/734 MT
(Brazil)
 Sugar production II highest in world (26.5MT)/39.2MT
(Brazil)
 ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN
AGRICULTURE SECTOR
ENERGY SOURCE OPERATIONAL ENERGY
(in MJ/Ha)
Diesel 486
Electrical energy (Water 4128
pumping)
Total mechanical energy 486+4128=4614
Animal energy 338
Human energy 940
Total energy 6892
Share of mechanical energy 81.6 % (1970 figure was 10.3)

Agriculture sector: 13% of total energy and 22% of electricity

 INDUSTRIAL SECTOR
 Contributes: 23% GDP
 Export contribution: 29%
 Largest producer of sponge iron
 Seventh largest producer of steel
 Second largest producer of cement
 Third largest producer of Fertilizers, Engineering
goods and textiles
 Fuel and feed stock: largest consumer accounting for
44.4% energy
 Coal consumed by this sector: 59.4%
 Cogeneration and export of electricity to grid
 TRANSPORT SECTOR
 Railways
115,000 km track of railways
Passengers handled: 23 million daily
Locomotives
Steam: 43; Diesel 5345; Electric: 4568
 Air Transport
Air passenger traffic: 162 million
Air cargo: 2.75 MT
 Road transport
Registered vehicles: 67.01 million
National high ways: 65,600 km
Rural roads: 234,000 km
 Water transport
8.42 million Gross Tonnes

• Second largest consumer of the energy

• Largest consumer of the petroleum products
• Petroleum products : 98.5% of total Energy
• Electricity for traction : 1.5%
 DOMESTIC SECTOR
 Biomass residues and animal dung cakes used
in villages for cooking
 LPG is used for the domestic cooking in urban
and rural areas as well
 Natural gas in few cities
 Kerosene for lighting and cooking in rural
areas
 Soft coke for domestic cooking

Biomass residues : Major source

LPG : 10.86 MT
 OTHERS
 Services
• 60.2% GDP Contribution
• 142 million professionals in India
• Export share: 40%
 Commercial sector comprises institutes/
hospitals / schools/ colleges/ universities/ trusts/
offices etc.
 Street lighting
 Public water works

Electrical energy consumption in this sector

Commercial : 8.73%
Street lighting : 1.26%
Public water works : 2.49%