Fundamental C Programming

Class-4

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Input Output Functions

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 Input a Character: getchar()
• Format: getchar()
• Purpose of function: To read a single character from
the terminal(keyboard).
• Example:
# include <stdio.h >
main()
{ char c;
c=getchar();
putchar(c);
}

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 Input Using Format: scanf()
• Format:
scanf( “format-specifier”,&var1,&var2,etc.);
• Purpose of function: To read data values from the
keyboard.
• Example:
# include <stdio.h >
main()
{ int a,b,c;
scanf("%d%d%d",&a,&b,&c);
printf("%d,%d,%d",a,b,c);
}

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 Output a Character: putchar()
Format:
putchar(c);
The c must be an integer or character variable.
• Purpose of function: To write a single character to the
terminal(screen).
• Example:
# include <stdio.h >
main(){
char a=‘B’;
putchar(a);
}

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 Output Using Format: printf
• Format:
printf(format descriptor, var1, var2, …);
• Purpose: Sends output to standard out, which for now
we can think of as the terminal screen.
• Example:
# include <stdio.h >
main()
{ char c='a'; int i=97;
printf("%c,%d\n",c,c);
printf("%c,%d\n",i,i);
}

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 printf Examples
• Easiest to start with some examples
– printf(“%s\n”, “hello world”);
• Translated: “print hello world as a string followed by a newline
character”
– printf(“%d\t%d\n”, j, k);
• Translated: “print the value of the variable j as an integer followed
by a tab followed by the value of the variable k as an integer
followed by a new line.”
– printf(“%f : %f : %f\n”, x, y, z);
• English: “print the value of the floating point variable x, followed
by a space, then a colon, then a space, etc.

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 printf Format
Some special characters are not visible directly
in the output stream. These all begin with an
escape character (ie \);
– \n newline
– \t horizontal tab
– \a alert bell
– \v vertical tab

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 Input Function: scanf
• Takes input from keyboard
• Basic syntax
– scanf( format-specifier, &var1, &var2, etc.);
– Format-specifier is identical to printf
– We do not need to understand everything here, just
enough to do some basic I/O
• Examples
– int a; scanf(“%d”,&a);
– double x; scanf(“%f”,&x);
• Blocks program until user enters input!

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 Format Characters
(Format characters that are used very often)
%d, %ld decimal notation, integer types.
%c single character
%f, %lf decimal notation, real type, include float
or double types.
%e scientific notation, real type, include float
or double types
m width of data, it is a whole number.
.n the number of characters after the “ . ”
%s

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 Example
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
float a;
scanf(“%f”,&a);
printf(“%f\n“, a);
printf(“%3.2f\n“, a);
printf(“%e\n",a);
}

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Control Statement

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 Control Structures
• The C Conditional Control Structures are used to
select and execute a statement or sequence of
statements based on the value of a conditional
expression.
– The “if” statement without an “else” ption
– The “if” statement with the “else” option
– Nested “if…else…” statements
– A “switch” statement
– “switch” & “break” statements

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 if
• The if statement is used to express decisions.
Formally, the syntax is:
– if ( expression)
a statement;
or
– if (expression)
{
statements; //multiple statements
}

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 if
• Function:
– When the value of expression is non-zero(true), i.e.
the condition is met, the statement / statements is
/are executed.
– Conversely, when the value is zero(false), i.e. the
condition is not met, the statement / statements in
if-clause is/are not executed. This time, the next
program statement following the structure of the “if
-clause” is executed.

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 Example of ‘if’
• Input any two whole numbers, and then output which one is
greater
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
float a,b,t;
scanf("%f,%f",&a,&b);
if (a>b)
printf(“%f is greater than %f”,a,b );
if (b>a)
printf(“%f is greater than %f”,a,b );
}

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 if-else
• The structure of “”if… else…” statement is:
if (expression)
statement 1;
else
statement 2;
or
if (expression){
statements; //multiple statements
}
else {
statements; //multiple statements
}

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 if-else
• Fuction:
– When the value of the expression is
nonzero(true), the condition is met, then the
statement /s in the true-clause( i.e. statement
1) is/are executed.
– Conversely, when the value is zero(false),
the condition is not met, then the
statement/s in the false-clause (i.e. statement
2) is/are executed.
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 Example of “if-else”
• Input any two whole numbers, and then output
which one is greater
main()
{ int x ,y ;
scanf (“%d” , &x);
if (x<=0) y=0;
else y=1;
printf(“x=%d, y=%d\n”, x, y );
}

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 Nested “if-else”
• Generally, the structure of nested “if…else…”
statements is following:
if(expression 1)
statement 1;
else if (expression 2)
statement 2;
else if (expression 3)
statement 3;
else if (expression 4)
statement 4;
else statement 5;

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 Example of Nested “if-else”
main()
{ int x, y ;
scanf (“%d”, &x);
if (x<0)
y = -1 ;
else if (x==0)
y=0;
else y = 1 ;
printf (“x=%d, y=%d\n”, x, y) ;
}

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 switch
• When an “if-else” is nested several levels, the
statement is not good statement. In this case we can use
another statement to replace the nested ifclause. This
another statement is “switch statement”.
• The structure of a switch statement:
switch (expression)
{case const-expr 1: statement 1;
case const-expr 2: statement 2;
case const-expr n: statement n;
default : statement n+1;
}

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 switch
• A switch statement starts with the keyword switch
followed by an expression in parentheses, followed
by brackets enclosing a series of labeled cases
ending in an optional default case.
• To use a switch statement, all the possible choices
must have simple identifying codes. There must be
single characters in quotes, integers, or
enumerations constants.
• When a switch is executed, the expression is
evaluated and its value compared to the case labels.
If any case label matches, control will go to the
statement following that label.
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 Switch & break
• Control then proceeds to execute the
following statement and through all statements
after that until it reaches the bottom of the
switch.
• In order to cause control to skip around all the
following case and go directly to the end of the
switch statement, normally, each group of
statements ends with a “break” statement:
case const-expr 1: statement 1; break;
case const-expr n: statement n; break;
default : statement n+1;
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 Example of Switch
Example: Input the score (hundred-mark system
),
output corresponding grade.
The regular is: Score Grade
90_____100 A
80_____89 B
70_____79 C
60_____69 D
Less than 60 E

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 Example of Switch
main()
{ float score;
printf(“please input student score:”);
scanf(“%f”,&score);
if (score<60) printf(“E\n”);
else
switch ((int)(score/10)) /*Explicit typecast*/
{ case 10:
case 9 : printf(“A\n”); break;
case 8 : printf(“B\n”); break;
case 7 : printf(“C\n”); break;
case 6 : printf(“D\n”); break;
default : printf(“error\n”);
}
}

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