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Restricted Earth Fault Protection

REF protection is used to detect internal earth faults in AC machines like generators and transformers. It uses a separate protection scheme called an REF relay since internal faults cannot be detected by standard overcurrent or earth fault relays due to lack of fault current flow. The REF relay is designed to trip only for internal faults and not external faults by using a stabilizing resistor to limit the voltage across the relay during high through-fault currents so it does not operate unintentionally. The value of the stabilizing resistor is calculated based on machine ratings and relay settings.

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313 views15 pages

Restricted Earth Fault Protection

REF protection is used to detect internal earth faults in AC machines like generators and transformers. It uses a separate protection scheme called an REF relay since internal faults cannot be detected by standard overcurrent or earth fault relays due to lack of fault current flow. The REF relay is designed to trip only for internal faults and not external faults by using a stabilizing resistor to limit the voltage across the relay during high through-fault currents so it does not operate unintentionally. The value of the stabilizing resistor is calculated based on machine ratings and relay settings.

Uploaded by

ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT

PROTECTION
REF PROTECTION

REF PROTECTION IS TO DETECT


INTERNAL EARTH FAULTS IN
AC MACHINES LIKE GENERATORS &
TRANSFORMERS
REF PROTECTION

Any fault in zone A, will cause


Circulating currents within
the zone – currents will not reach
the CTs near breaker

Fault in Zone A can not be


Detected by O/C + E/F relays

Separate scheme – REF –


is necessary
REF PROTECTION

REF relay should trip for


Internal fault

REF relay should not trip


For external fault
REF PROTECTION
REF PROTECTION
REF PROTECTION
ZONE OF
PROTECTION
R

FAULT A

RELAY

N
ZONE OF
PROTECTION
R

FAULT B

RELAY

N
REF PROTECTION

STABILISING RESISTOR FOR REF RELAYS

-CT sy impedances may not be equal


-Lead wires may not be equal
-CT errors may not be equal
-CTs may sturate differently
REF PROTECTION

CALCULATION OF STABILISING RESISTOR Rst

- VALUE OF Rst SHOULD BE SUCH THAT


VOLTAGE DEVELOPED ACROSS THE RELAY
UNDER MAX THROUGH FAULT CONDITIONS,
IS INSUFFICIENT TO OPERATE THE RELAY.

- REFER THE DIAGRAM OF THROUGH FAULT


CT Y HAS SATURATED
V= If * (Rct+Rl))/N

- V SHOULD NOT CAUSE A CURRENT WHICH WILL


OPERATE RELAY
REF PROTECTION

CALCULATION OF STABILISING RESISTOR Rst

1. PICK UP SETTING IN THE RELAY 10%


RELAY OPERATING CURRENT 0.1A

THERE ARE 4 CTs IN PARALLEL


CT RATIO 3000

KNEE PONT VOLTAGE OF CT 160


MAX THROUGH FAULT CURRENT 36KA
REF PROTECTION

CALCULATION OF THROUGH FAULT CURRENT

IF ON THE CT PRIMARY SIDE

KVA RATING OF TRANSFORMER 1600


VOLTAGE RATING 11000 / 415 V
% IMPEDANCE 6.25

KVA 1600000
IF (Sy SIDE) = =
1.732 X 415 X Z% 718.78 X .0625

= 36 KA
REF PROTECTION

CALCULATION OF STABILISING RESISTOR Rst

UNDER THESE CONDITIONS :

Vr = If ( Rct +Rl)/N
= 36000 (3+0.15)/3000 = 38V
REF PROTECTION
CALCULATION OF STABILISING RESISTOR Rst

NOTE THAT AT THIS VOLTAGE Vr , THE CURRENT


THROUGH RELAY SHOULD BE LESS THAN OR
EQUAL TO PICK UP CURRENT.

THIS MEANS THAT R = Vr/0.1= 38 /0.1 = 380 OHMS


WHERE R = Rst+RELAY IMPEDANCE

RELAY IMPEDANCE = RELAY BURDEN / (Is*Is)


= 0.9/0.01=90 ohms

Rst = 380 - 90 = 290 OHMS

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