Module 11.

8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Fire Protection
ATA 26

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

11.8 Fire Protection

 Requirements for Fire
 Fire Detection Systems
 Maintenance Practices
 Smoke and Flame Detectors
 Fire Zones
 Fire-Extinguishing Systems
 Fire Protection Systems
 Engine Fire Extinguishing Systems
 Portable Fire Extinguishers

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Requirements for Fire

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Requirements for Fire

 Fire is the result of a chemical reaction between some types
of fuel and oxygen.

 When this reaction occurs, energy is released in the form of

heat and light.

 For a fire to start, there must be fuel, oxygen, and a high

enough temperature to start the reaction.

 Fires may be extinguished by removing the fuel or oxygen or

by reducing the temperature to a level below that needed for
the reaction.

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Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Requirements for Fire

 Fires are categorized by the European regulation EN3 and are
identified by the types of extinguishing agents best used on
each type.

 The five categories are Classes A, B, C, D and F.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Class A
 Class A fires are fuelled by solid combustible materials such as
wood, paper, and cloth.

 These fires typically occur in aircraft cabins and cockpits, so

any extinguishing agent used for Class-A fires must be safe for
the occupants.

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Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Class B
 Class B fires are fuelled by combustible liquids such as
gasoline, turbine- engine fuel, lubricating oil, and hydraulic
fluid.

 Those fires occur in engine compartments.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Class C
 Class C fires involving gases such as butane, methane and
propane.

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Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Class D
 Class D fires are those in which some metal such as
magnesium burns.

 These fires typically occur in the brakes and wheels, and burn
with a ferocious intensity.

 Never use water on a burning metal, it only intensifies the

fire.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Class F
 Class F fires are those involving cooking oils and fats.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Class E
 There was a Class E, those fires involving electrical equipment.

 However, that class has been removed, as electricity is

technically not a fuel for fire, but rather a source of ignition
and the fuel can be any of the types listed above.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

FIRE TRIANGLE

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

The fire protection

 Fire detection system
 Fire extinguishing system.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

The fire protection

The Overheat Detection System

detects temperatures that are too high.
It is related to the fire alarm system.

Overheat detection methods

use thermal switches or overheat detectors.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

The fire protection

The Fire Detection System

consists of fire sensing elements and smoke detectors.

Fire sensing elements

can operate on the basis of change in resistance, change in
resistance & capacity and pressure increase.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

The fire protection

Smoke detectors detect the smoke arising from fire.

There are two types of smoke detectors:

- ionizing smoke detectors.
- optical smoke detectors.

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Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

The fire protection

Fixed fire extinguishers
are available for fighting a fire in :
engines,
Auxiliary Power Unit compartment
cargo and baggage compartments.

Portable fire extinguishers

are used to fight fires in cockpit, cabin and lavatories.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Fire Detection Systems

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Fire Detection Systems

 A complete fire detection system consists of :
- fire detectors,
- overheat detectors,
- rate-of temperature-rise detectors,
- smoke detectors, and
- carbon monoxide detectors.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Requirements for a fire detection system

The system must :
 not give false warnings under any flight or ground operating
condition.

 give a rapid indication of a fire and accurately identify its

location.

 accurately indicate when a fire has been extinguished.

 sound a warning if a fire re-ignites.

 continue to indicate the presence of a fire as long as the fire

exists.
For Training Purpose Only
Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Fire Detection Systems

The Fire Detection System

uses fire sensing elements and smoke detectors.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Fire/Overheat Detectors
(Fire Sensing Elements)

 The difference between them is the temperature at which

warning takes place.

 In general, Overheat Detectors have a lower detecting point

than fire sensing elements.

 The Fire/Overheat Detectors are divided into elements

operating on the basis of changes in :
- resistance
- capacity or pressure

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Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Fire/Overheat Detectors
(Fire Sensing Elements)

 Fire/Overheat Detectors are located at several places on the

engine (often 2 or 3), which are connected to each other
forming a kind of loop.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Change in Resistance

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Change in Resistance
 If a Fire Sensing Element is heated, the resistance value
decreases. Signalling takes place when a certain value has
been reached.

 A disadvantage of such a system is that a decrease in

resistance may also occur in case of a short circuit.

 This also triggers the fire alarm. In this case, it is a false alarm
or a faulty indication.

 This is why two systems are often used, referred to as a dual

loop system, which increases the operational safety of the
alarm system.
For Training Purpose Only
Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Change in
Resistance and Capacity

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Change in Resistance and Capacity

 Fire Sensing Elements working on the basis of change in

resistance and capacity,

 have the advantage that they do not react in case of a short

circuit, thus avoiding a false alarm or a faulty indication.

 When heated, the resistance value decreases whereas the

capacity value increases.

 When a certain value is reached, a signal is given.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Change in Resistance and Capacity

 In case of a short circuit, the resistance value as well as the

capacity value decrease, resulting in a fault indication to the
cockpit instead of an alarm.

 In most cases, two systems are used for these detectors.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Change in Resistance and Capacity

 To maintain the characteristics of Overheat Detectors and of

Fire Sensing Elements, they must not be exposed to
mechanical forces.

 Bending them in a curve with too small a radius is not

allowed.

 The correct maintenance procedures can be found in the

Maintenance Manual.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Overheat Detection System

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Overheat Detection System

 The principle of overheat detection is used to detect

temperatures that are too high in certain areas of the aircraft.

 Temperatures that are too high can be a result of pneumatic

leakage, a defective part or a badly cooled part of the aircraft.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Overheat Detection System

 An example is the brakes in the landing gear wheel well. It is

important for the pilot to know if the temperature of parts
and systems is too high.

 An indicator has been installed on the flight deck that

provides this information.

 We can distinguish two overheat detection methods;

detection by means of thermal switches and by means of
overheat detectors.

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Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Thermal Switches

 Thermal switches are switches that have a switching contact

provided with a bimetallic strip.

 If the switch is heated, the bimetallic strip makes the contact

in the switch which turns on a warning light on the flight deck.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Bimetallic Thermal Switches

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Single loop overheat fire detection circuit

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Single loop overheat fire detection circuit

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Single loop overheat fire detection circuit

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Rate-of-Temperature-Rise Detection System

 A thermo switch-type detection system initiates a fire warning

when any of the individual detectors reaches a predetermined
temperature.

 Thermocouple-type fire-warning systems are often installed in

engine compartments where normal operating temperatures
are quite high, but the rise to this temperature is gradual
(bertahap).

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Rate-of-Temperature-Rise Detection System

 When the engine is started and the temperature of the engine

compartment rises,

 the temperatures of all of the thermocouples rise together

and there is still no current flow.

 If there is a fire, the temperature of one or more of the

thermocouples will rise immediately

 while the temperature of the insulated reference

thermocouple rises much more slowly.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Rate-of-Temperature-Rise Detection System

 The difference in temperatures will produce a current in the

thermocouple loop.

 If the current is greater than 4 milliamperes, the sensitive

relay will close.

 The slave relay is energized by current through the contacts of

the sensitive relay, and the fire-warning light and bell is
turned on.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Rate-of-Temperature-Rise Detection System

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Rate-of-Temperature-Rise Detection System

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Rate-of-Temperature-Rise Detection System

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Rate-of-Temperature-Rise Detection System

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Rate-of-Temperature-Rise Detection System

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Rate-of-Temperature-Rise Detection System

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Continuous-Loop Detector Systems

 Continuous-loop detector or sensing system permits more

complete coverage of a fire hazard area than any type of spot-
type temperature detectors.

 These are overheat systems, using heat sensitive units that

complete an electrical circuit at a certain temperature.

 There is no rate-of-heat-rise sensitivity in a continuous-loop

system. Two widely used types of continuous-loop systems
are the Fenwall and the Kidde systems.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Fenwall

 The Fenwall system uses a single wire surrounded by a

continuous string of ceramic beads in an inconel tube.

 The beads in this system are wetted with a eutectic salt which
possesses the characteristics of suddenly lowering its
electrical resistance as the sensing element reaches its alarm
temperature.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Fenwall

 At normal temperatures, the eutectic salt core material

prevents electrical current from flowing.

 In case of fire or overheat condition, the core resistance drops

and current flows between the signal wire and ground,
energizing the alarm system.

 The Fenwall system uses a magnetic amplifier control unit.

This system is non-averaging but will sound an alarm when
any portion of its sensing element reaches the alarm
temperature.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Fenwall

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Kidde

 In the Kidde continuous-loop system two wires are imbedded

in a special ceramic core within an inconel tube.

 One of the wires is welded to the case at each end and acts as
an internal ground.

 The second wire is a hot lead (above ground potential) that

provides an electrical current signal when the ceramic core
material changes its resistance with a change in temperature.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Kidde

 The Kidde sensing elements are connected to a relay control unit.

 This unit constantly measures the total resistance of the full sensing
loop. The system senses the average temperature, as well as any
hot spot.

 Both systems continuously monitor temperatures in the affected

compartments, and

 both will automatically reset following a fire or overheat alarm,

after the overheat condition is removed or the fire is extinguished.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Kidde

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Electrical Circuit

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Electrical Circuit

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Pneumatic Types Fire/

Overheat Detectors

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Pneumatic Types Fire/Overheat Detectors

 The continuous-loop fire detection system initiates a fire

warning signal when any portion of the continuous loop
reaches a temperature for which the loop element is
designed.

 The sensitive element of this system consists of a sealed gas-

filled tube containing an element that absorbs gas at a low
temperature and releases it as the temperature rises.

 The tube is connected to a pressure switch that will close

when the gas pressure in the tube reaches a predetermined
value.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Lindberg System
 The Lindberg fire detection system is a continuous-element type
detector consisting of a stainless steel tube containing a discreet
element.

 This element has been processed to absorb gas in proportion to the

operating temperature set point.

 When the temperature rises (due to a fire or overheat condition) to

the operating temperature set point, the heat generated causes the
gas to be released from the element.

 Release of the gas causes the pressure in the stainless steel tube to
increase. This pressure rise mechanically actuates the diaphragm
switch in the responder unit, activating the warning lights and an
alarm bell.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Lindberg System

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Lindberg System

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Lindberg System

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Systron-Donner System

 If a fire exists, the localized high temperature will cause a

large quantity of hydrogen gas to be released from the
titanium wire.

 This will cause an increase in the total gas pressure in the

tube, and will actuate the pneumatic switch.

 This action is known as the discrete function of the sensor.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Systron-Donner System

 When the fire is extinguished and the sensor begins to cool,

the hydrogen gas will once again be absorbed by the titanium
wire, gas pressure will reduce, and the pneumatic switch will
reopen.

 The system is again ready to indicate overheat or fire

conditions.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Systron-Donner System

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Systron-Donner System

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Pneumatic Loop

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Pneumatic Loop Description

The detector is
pneumatically operated by heating its sensing element which
contains helium gas and a hydrogen charged core material.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Pneumatic Loop Description

Alarm State
 The application of an overall average temperature expands
inert gas (helium) which in turn closes the alarm switch. The
detector sends a fire signal.

 The application of heat to the sensor releases active gas from

a hybrid core which in turn closes the alarm switch.The
detector sends a fire signal.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Pneumatic Loop Description

Fault State
 In the event of gas pressure loss
(pipe fracture or cut off due to a torching flame),

 the integrity switch opens and generates a fault signal.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Pneumatic Loop Description

Precautions
 The detector responder is hermetically sealed, and as such,
is not field repairable.

 Any attempt to disassemble a detector responder will cause

serious damage to the unit and render it inoperative.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Pneumatic fire detector

(Systron Donner)

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Alarm state overall average overheat

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Alarm State local overheat

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Fault state pressure loss Detector

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Detector Functions

 The detector has two sensing functions.

 It responds to:
- an overall "average" temperature threshold or
- to a localized "discrete" temperature caused by impinging
flame or hot gases.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Detector Functions

Averaging Function
 The detector serves as a fixed volume device filled with
helium gas.

 The helium gas pressure inside the detector increases in

proportion to the absolute temperature and will operate the
alarm switch at a pre-set "average" temperature.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Detector Functions

Discrete Function
 The detector's sensor tube also contains a hydrogen-filled
core material.

 Large quantities of hydrogen gas are released from the

detector core whenever a small section of the tube is heated
to the pre-set "discrete" temperature.

 Core outgassing increases the pressure inside the detector

and actuates the alarm switch.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Alarm Pressure vs Temperature

(Overheat and Fire)

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

False Alarms

 Mechanical damage to the pneumatic sensor tube will not

result in a false alarm.

 Severe damage (kerusakan berat) such as sensor wear-

through will provide a loop fault message

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Pneumatic system leak warning

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Pneumatic System Leak Warning Systems

 Pneumatic leak-warning systems are important to prevent

overheat conditions and structure damage in case of a
pneumatic duct leak or rupture.

 In modern aircraft the system is also used to provide an

automatic shut off of the affected pneumatic system.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Pneumatic System Leak Warning Systems

 Three different techniques are applied to monitor a

pneumatic manifold leak or duct rupture:

 Leak Detection by Thermal Switches

 Leak Detection by Manifold Failure Loops
 Leak Detection by Pressure Switches

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Leak Detection by Thermal Switches

 This method use thermal switches connected in parallel to the

warning light and if applicable to the automatic shut off
circuit.

 The thermal switches close if the overheat setting is reached

and open after cool down.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Leak Detection by Thermal Switches

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Leak Detection by Manifold Failure Loops

 This method is used in modern aircraft.

 The manifold failure loop is a grounded flexible metallic tube

filled with a salt mixture.

 Embedded in the tube is a conductor insulated by the salt

crystal.

 The conductor is connected via plugs and wires to the sensing

device.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Leak Detection by Manifold Failure Loops

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Leak Detection by Manifold Failure Loops

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Leak Detection by Pressure Switches

 There are aircraft which have, for safety reasons, double

walled pneumatic ducts in the pressurized zones.

 A leak of the inner duct is monitored by a pressure switch and

indicated by a DUCT LEAK light located on the maintenance
test panel.

 After repair of the leaky duct, the DUCT LEAK light must be
reset by pressing the RESET BUTTON on the maintenance
panel.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Leak Detection by Pressure Switches

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Leak Detection by Pressure Switches

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Leak Detection by Pressure Switches

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Leak Detection by Pressure Switches

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Maintenance Practice

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Detection Systems

 Fire detector sensing elements are located in many high-

activity areas around aircraft engines.

 Their location, together with their small size, increases the

chance of damage to the sensing elements during
maintenance.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Detection Systems

 The installation of the sensing elements inside the aircraft

cowl panels provides some measure of protection not
afforded to elements attached directly to the engine.

 On the other hand, the removal and re-installation of cowl

panels can easily cause abrasion or structural defects to the
elements.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Sensing elements should be inspected for:

1. Cracked or broken sections.

2. Abrasion.
3. Pieces of metal particles which may short the spot detector
terminals.
4. Condition of rubber grommets in mounting clamps.
5. Dents and kinks in sensing element sections.
6. Nuts at the end of the sensing elements for tightness and
safety wire. detection system for proper operation.

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Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Sensing elements should be inspected for:

7. Condition of wiring and connectors to the sensing elements.

8. Sensing element routing and clamping.
9. Interference between a cowl brace and a sensing element.
10. The split end of the grommet should face the outside of the
nearest bend.
11. Mounting brackets for cracks, corrosion, or other damage.
12. Test the fire detection system for proper operation.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Loop inspections

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Dual channel fire detection system

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Fire Warning

 Fire on Loop A and Loop B

 Fire on one Loop, other Loop fault or electrical failure

 Loop A and Loop B fault within 5 sec

(both Loops broken due a torching flame)

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Fault
Hydrogen pressure loss due of leak

Electrical Failure
Wiring between Fire Detector unit and Loop
shorted or open

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Fire Detection
or
Control Unit

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

General

 The Fire Detection Unit has two channels capable of detecting

any case of fire and loop failure.

 Each channel follows the same detection logic depending on

the loop A and loop B status.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Fire Warning

 The Fire Detection Unit generates a fire warning signal if any

of the following conditions are met:
• Fire on loop A and fire on loop B.
• Fire on loop A and fault on loop B.
• Fault on loop A and fire on loop B.
• Fault on loop A and fault on loop B within 5 seconds
(both loops broken due to a torching flame).

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Loop Fault Warning

 The Fire Detection Unit generates a loop fault warning if any

of the following conditions are met:
• Electrical failure (loss of power, connector not connected).
• Failure in a detector.
• Failure in a detection circuit.
• Detection of a single loop fire during more than 20s while
the other loop is in normal condition.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Detection Fault Warning

 The detection fault logic is based on a dual loop failure.

 It corresponds to a total loss of the detection system.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Fire Test

 A fire test pushbutton simultaneously checks the condition of

the:
• fire detectors (loops A and B),
• Fire Detection Unit,
• indications and warnings.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Fire Detection Unit

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Smoke and
Flame Detectors

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Smoke and Flame Detectors

 A smoke detection system monitors certain areas of the

aircraft for the presence of smoke, which is indicative of a fire
condition.

 A smoke detection system is used where the type of fire

anticipated is expected to generate a substantial amount of
smoke before temperature changes are sufficient to activate a
heat detection system.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Smoke and Flame Detectors

 Certain areas in an aircraft can produce a great deal of smoke

before any flames actually appear, and it is important in these
areas to detect the first indication of smoke.

 Baggage and cargo compartments are typically protected by

smoke detectors, of which there are four types:
- CO detectors,
- photoelectric detectors,
- ionization-type detectors,
- visual detectors.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Smoke and Flame Detectors

 CO detectors measure the level of carbon monoxide in the air.

 Photoelectric detectors measure the amount of smoke in a

sample of air which obstructs or refracts a beam of light.

 Ionization-type detectors measure the current that flows

through ionized air, and visual detectors detect the presence
of smoke by actually viewing samples of air that are drawn
through the smoke detector chamber.

 Flame detectors are usually light detectors that are sensitive

to infrared radiation.
For Training Purpose Only
Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Carbon Monoxide Detectors

 Carbon monoxide is a colourless, odourless gas that is a by-

product of incomplete combustion of almost all hydrocarbon
fuels and is present in all smoke.

 It is lethal even in small concentrations, and its presence must

be detected early.

 CO detectors are not usually used in cargo and baggage

compartments as are other smoke detectors, but are used in
the cabin and cockpit areas.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Visual Smoke Detectors

 A light shines across the chamber in such a way that it will
illuminate any smoke that is present.

 Air pulled from the compartments that are being monitored, flows
through the detection chamber.

 When there is no smoke in this air, no light is visible in the window,

but when there is smoke, the light strikes it, and can be seen in
thewindow.

 Since no light is visible when there is no smoke, a green indicator

light on the front of the detector illuminates to show that the light
is on.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Visual Smoke Detectors

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Sniffer

 Presence of smoke in the avionics compartment or behind

circuit breaker panels can be sensed and confirmed by a
sniffer.

 This is a flexible hose that can be held direct to the pilot's

nose.

 A small fan moves the air to this sensitive human smoke

detection device.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Photoelectric Smoke Detectors

 This type of detector consists of a photoelectric cell, a beacon

lamp, and a light trap, all mounted in a labyrinth.

 Air samples are drawn through the detector unit.

 An accumulation of 10% smoke in the air causes the

photoelectric cell to conduct electric current.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Photoelectric Smoke Detectors

 Photoelectric optical smoke detectors can only detect visible

smoke.

 The detection takes place by means of light and a photo cell.

 When there is no smoke, the light of the pilot lamp shines

straight ahead to the light trap and the photo cell receives
little or no light.

 When smoke reaches the detector, diffusion of light takes

place and the photo cell receives more light. This results in a
warning.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Photoelectric Smoke Detectors

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Photoelectric Smoke Detectors

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Ionizing Smoke Detectors

 The smoke detector ionizes the air particles that pass

between the electrodes.

 As smoke causes the electrical resistance of the circuit to

increase, the voltage in the measurement chamber increases
to a higher level than the reference chamber.

 In both cells, there is a small radioactive source which ionizes

the air. The reference cell serves to compensate the
differences in air density.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Ionizing Smoke Detectors

 The resistance of the detection cell depends on the air in the

cell.

 When it is polluted, the resistance in the detection cell

increases.

 This increase causes the voltage at the detection point to

decrease resulting in a signal.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Ionizing Smoke Detectors

video
For Training Purpose Only
Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

WARNING...!!!
Do not try to open or repair a smoke detector.
The smoke detector contains radioactive americium
241 of approximately 0.4 microcuries.

Only workshops authorized by the manufacturer can

do work on the smoke detectors.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Fire Zones

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Fire Zones

For the purposes of fire protection and extinguishing,

all compartments of an aeroplane are
classified A, B, C, D or E

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Class A

Visual detection of smoke and have an accessible

in-flight fire extinguisher available

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Class B

Crew can move all contents by hand, and

reach all parts of the compartment with a hand fire
extinguisher.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Class C

Smoke or fire detectors are installed and a built in fire

extinguisher system controlled from the cockpit.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Class D
A fire will be completely confined(terjepit) without
endangering safety of the aircraft or occupants.

Must be completely lined with fire-resistant material.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Class E
Cargo-only aircraft. Separate smoke or fire detector
installed, and means to shut-off airflow to, or within,
the compartment.

Must be completely lined with fire resistant material,

and window shades closed.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Fire-Extinguishing Systems

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Fire-Extinguishing Systems

 Fire protection systems divide themselves logically into two

categories; fire detection and fire extinguishing.

 The fire-extinguishing systems furthermore divide into :

- hand-held,
- installed systems.

 Here we will consider :

- the various types of fire-extinguishing agents,
- the handheld extinguishers,
- the installed systems.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Fire-Extinguishing Agents

 Since fire is the chemical reaction between a fuel with

oxygen, it can be controlled by interfering with this reaction.

 This can involve removing the fuel, smothering the fuel with a
substance that excludes the oxygen, or lowering the
temperature of the fuel.

 The most effective method for extinguishing aircraft fires

involves using a chemical compound that combines with the
oxygen to prevent it from combining with the fuel.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Water

 Class A fires can be extinguished with an agent, such as water,

that lowers the temperature of the fuel.

 When the water changes from a liquid to a vapour, it absorbs

heat from the air above the fire and drops its temperature
enough to cool the fuel enough to cause the fire to go out.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Carbon Dioxide

 CO2 is heavier than air, and when it is sprayed on a fire it

remains on the surface and excludes oxygen from the
combustion process, and the fire goes out.

 CO2 has been a favoured extinguishing agent for many years.

 It is relatively inexpensive, non-toxic, safe to handle, and has a

long life in storage.

 Hand-held C02 extinguishers can be used to extinguish fires in

energized electrical equipment

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Carbon Dioxide

 CO2 is usually a gas, and it is stored in steel bottles under

pressure.

 When it is released, it expands and cools enough to change

into a finely divided snow of dry ice.

 C02 may also be used directly on a tyre by covering the fire

with a dry powder such as sodium bicarbonate, potassium
bicarbonate, or ammonium phosphate.

 Dry powder is useful for Class D fires such as fires in an

aircraft brake.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Halogenated Hydrocarbons (Halon)

 The two most widely used halogenated hydrocarbons are

- bromo tri fluoromethane (CBrF3), Halon 1301, and
- bromo chlorodi fluoromethane (CBrCIF2), Halon 1211.

 Both of these compounds, often called by the trade name

Freon, have a very low toxicity.

 Halon 1301 is the least toxic of all commonly used agents.

 Both are very effective as fire-extinguishing agents.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Halogenated Hydrocarbons (Halon)

 They are ;
- non corrosive,
- evaporate rapidly,
- leave no residue,
- require no cleanup or neutralization.

 Halon 1301 does not require any pressurizing agent, but

Halon 1211 may be pressurized with nitrogen or with 1301.

 Hydrocarbons destroy the ozone-layer in our atmosphere.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

High-Rate-Discharge (HRD)
Extinguishing Systems

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

High-Rate-Discharge (HRD) Extinguishing Systems

 Most modem turbine-engine-powered aircraft have their

power plant areas protected by two or more spherical or
cylindrical HRD bottles of Halon 1211 or 1301.

 A charge of compressed nitrogen is usually placed in the

container to ensure that the agent is dispersed (buyar) in the
shortest time possible.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

High-Rate-Discharge (HRD) Extinguishing Systems

 The containers are sealed with a frangible disk that is broken

when a cutter is fired into it by a powder charge, or squib,
which is ignited when the pilot closes the agent discharge
switch.

 The entire contents of the bottle are discharged within about

0.08 second after the agent discharge switch is closed.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

High-Rate-Discharge (HRD) Extinguishing Systems

 The safety plug is connected to a red indicator disk on the

outside of the aircraft fuselage.

 If the temperature of the compartment in which the bottle is

mounted rises enough to increase the pressure of the gas
enough to become dangerous, the safety plug melts and
releases the gas,

 As the gas vents to the atmosphere, it blows out the red

indicator disk, showing that the bottle has been discharged
because of an overheat condition.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

High-Rate-Discharge (HRD) Extinguishing Systems

 If the bottle is discharged by normal operation of the system,

a yellow indicator disk blows out or an amber low pressure
waming light in the cockpit comes on.

 The gauge shows the pressure of the agent and the gas in the
container. Newer bottles will not have a pressure gauge.

 To determine its amount of content, the bottle must be

removed from aircraft and weighted.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

High-Rate-Discharge (HRD) Extinguishing Systems

WARNING
 The fire bottle cartridges are explosive.

Remove them before working on the bottle.

Protective caps must be installed during

removal/installation to prevent damage to
discharge diaphragm which could result in
injury to personnel.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Cargo fire extinguishing system

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Fire Protection Systems

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

A modern jet transport aircraft fire protection system

comprises:

Engines & Auxiliary Power Unit

Fire and overheat detection and extinguishing system.

Cargo Compartments
Smoke detection and extinguishing system.

Lavatories
Smoke detection system and waste bin extinguishers

Avionics Bay
Smoke detection system.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

A modem jet transport aircraft fire protection system

comprises:

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Auxiliary Power Unit

 The APU is protected with a dual pneumatic loop system. A

fire is extinguished by pushing the FIRE switch.

 On ground the APU stops automatically and releases the

agent.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Auxiliary Power Unit

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Cockpit controls

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Fire Extinguishing Bottle

 Type of agent: Halon 1301

 Nominal nitrogen pressure
at 21 'C: 600 PSI
 Low pressure switch:
< 250 PSI

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Fire Extinguishing Bottle

 The safety plug is connected to a red indicator disk on the

outside of the aircraft fuselage.

 If the temperature of the compartment in which the bottle is

mounted rises enough to increase the pressure of the gas
enough to become dangerous, the safety plug melts and
releases the gas,

 As the gas vents to the atmosphere, it blows out the red

indicator disk, showing that the bottle has been discharged
because of an overheat condition.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Fire Extinguishing Bottle

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Cargo Compartment

 Smoke Detectors are installed in the cargo compartment

ceiling.

 If smoke or fire is detected, a smoke waming is triggered.

 For fire fighting, a fire extinguishing system is provided.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Smoke detector located in cargo compartment ceiling

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Cargo smoke detection and extinguishing system

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Lavatory Smoke Detection

 A smoke detector is installed in each lavatory ceiling in the air

outlet cavity.

 A warning alerts the cabin attendants and pilots if a fire exists.

 Independent fire extinguishers will automatically relieve their

agent into the waste bin, if a passenger used it as an ashtray.

 In addition, the cabin crew must use portable fire

extinguishers.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Lavatory Smoke Detection

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Lavatory Smoke Detection

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

A fire / smoke warning is provided in

 the flight deck via the master caution and a dedicated LA V SMOKE
light

 the Flight Attendant's panel via a horn and a lavatory locator light

 the passenger compartment via the lavatory call light and tone and
an annunciator on the

 exit locator sign, and

 a horn and alarm light at the lavatory itself

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

A fire / smoke warning is provided in

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Waste Bin Fire Extinguisher

 A fire extinguishing cylinder has been installed near the waste

containers in the lavatories.

 This cylinder discharges automatically into the waste

container when the temperature in it rises too high.

 The shut off device of these cylinders consists of material that

has a low melting point (approximately 71 'C).

 A temperature plate located above the waste bin indicates a

temperature exceedance.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Waste Bin Fire Extinguisher

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Waste Bin Fire Extinguisher

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Waste bin fire extinguisher and

temperature plate (8737)

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Avionics Smoke Detection

 Avionics smoke detection is performed by sampling the air

extracted from the cockpit panels and avionics equipment
racks.

 The pilots are alerted if avionics systems are under smoke or

fire.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Avionics smoke warning system

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Smoke detector

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Example System - Boeing 737

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Engine Fire Extinguishing Systems

 These systems are provided for :

- power plants,
- APUs, and

 in some types of aircraft, for :

- landing gear wheel bays,
- baggage compartments and
- combustion heater installations.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Engine Fire Extinguishing Systems

 When operated, either by selector switches in the cockpit or

crash switches,

 an electrically fired cartridge ruptures a metal diaphragm

within the discharge head and the extinguishant is released to
flow through spray pipes, spray rings or discharge nozzles into
the appropriate fire zone.

 Electrical power is 28 volts DC. and is supplied from an

essential services busbar or the battery busbar.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Engine Fire Extinguishing Systems

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Engine Fire Extinguishing Systems

 Two extinguishing methods are used for power plants.

 In the first method, which is employed in the majority of

older types of aircraft, an individual system is provided for
each power plant.

 The second method, known generally as the 'two-shot

system', is the one most widely used and comprises
connections between the individual power plant systems,

 so permitting two separate discharges of extinguishant into

anyone power plant.
For Training Purpose Only
Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Typical Large Commercial

Twin Jet Fire Extinguishing System

 The fire extinguishing system includes :

- a cockpit control switch,
- fire extinguishing agent containers, and
- an agent distribution system.

 The bottle is pressurized with the extinguishing agent, in the

range of 500 to 600 PSI.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Typical Large Commercial

Twin Jet Fire Extinguishing System

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Two-shot system

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Common Extinguishing Agents,

Approved for Engine Fire Extinguishing

 Carbon Dioxide (C02)

 Bromo chlorodi fluoromethane (Halon 1211) (CBrCIF2)
 Bromo tri fluoromethane (Halon 1301) (CF3Br)

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Carbon Dioxide (C02)

 The oldest type agent used in aviation.

 It is non-corrosive to metal parts but can cause shock to hot

running parts of the engine if used in great quantity.

 Extinguishes by dissipating oxygen. CO2 is considered toxic.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Bromo-chlorodi-fluoro-methane
(Halon 1211) (CBrCIF2)

 It is colorless, non-corrosive and evaporates rapidly leaving no

residue whatever.

 It does not freeze or cause cold burns and will not harm fabrics,
metals, or other materials it contacts.

 Halon 1211 acts rapidly on fires by producing a heavy blanketing

mist that eliminates air from the fire source, but more importantly
interferes chemically with the combustion process.

 It has outstanding properties in preventing reflash after the fire has

been extinguished.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Bromo-trifloro-methane
(Halon 1301) (CF3Br)

 An expensive nontoxic, non-corrosive agent which is very

effective on engine fires.

 Also considered one of the safest agents from the standpoint

of toxicity and corrosion.

 Halon 1301 has all the characteristics of Halon 1211, and it is

less toxic.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Engine Bottle Discharge Indicators

 In fire extinguisher systems of the fixed type, provision is

made for positive indication of extinguisher discharge as a
result of either :
(a) intentional firing, or
(b) inadvertent loss of contents,
i.e. pressure relief overboard or leakage.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

The methods adopted are

generally mechanical and electrical in operation

Mechanical Indicators

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

The methods adopted are

generally mechanical and electrical in operation

Pressure gauges

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

The methods adopted are

generally mechanical and electrical in operation

Bursting Disc

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Portable Fire Extinguishers

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

EASA Requirements

EASA CS-25.851 provides the requirements for portable

(or 'hand-held') fire extinguishers.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Types of Portable Fire Extinguisher

There are two types of extinguishant in common use.

Halon
and
Pressurized water

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Halon

 Halon extinguishers are used to extinguish electrical and

flammable liquid fires.

 The halon extinguisher is rechargeable.

 A pressure gage shows when you must recharge or replace

the fire extinguisher

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Pressurized Water

 Pressurized water extinguishers are used to extinguish non-

electrical fires.

 Water extinguishers cannot be used on the flight deck for

extinguishing electrical fires.

 The water extinguisher is rechargeable.

 An antifreeze is added to the water to prevent freezing

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Portable fire extinguisher in flight deck

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Weight and Pressure Checks

 The fully charged weight of an extinguisher should be checked

at the periods specified in the approved Maintenance
Schedule, and before installation, to verify that no loss of
extinguishant has occurred.

 If no specific information is provided in the AMM, they should

be weighed at each annual inspection at least.

 For extinguishers fitted with pressure gauges, checks must be

made to ensure that indicated pressures are within the
permissible tolerances relevant to the temperature of the
extinguishers.

For Training Purpose Only

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Portable fire extinguisher pressure chart

For Training Purpose Only

 LANDING GEAR SYSTEM

APPRAISAL TEST
The following material include Fire category
Class B :
• Gasoline
• Wood

BASIC AIRCRAFT SYSTEM

 LANDING GEAR SYSTEM

APPRAISAL TEST
Types of smoke detectors which protect baggage
and cargo compartment are :
– CO, Visual and Photoelectric detectors
– Photoelectric, Ionization and CO2 detectors

BASIC AIRCRAFT SYSTEM

 LANDING GEAR SYSTEM

APPRAISAL TEST
In the Systron-Donner System, alarm switch will
close if gas pressure rise up :
– 40 PSI
– 70 PSI

BASIC AIRCRAFT SYSTEM

 LANDING GEAR SYSTEM

APPRAISAL TEST
Portable fire extinguishers are used to fight fires
in :
– Lavatories, APU Compartment, Cargo
Compartment
– APU Compartment, Cocpit, Lavatories
– Cocpit, Cabin, Lavatories

BASIC AIRCRAFT SYSTEM

 LANDING GEAR SYSTEM

APPRAISAL TEST
What happens if the fire handle pulled out ?
• Disconnect the associated the engine generator
field
• Close the high pressure fuel shut-off valve
• All mentioned above

BASIC AIRCRAFT SYSTEM

 LANDING GEAR SYSTEM

APPRAISAL TEST
The function of inconel tube in Fenwall fire
detection type as :
– Conductor
– Isolator
– Ground

BASIC AIRCRAFT SYSTEM

 LANDING GEAR SYSTEM

APPRAISAL TEST
The thermocouple type fire warning system is
activated by :
• Rate of temperature rise
• Slow overheat condition
• Specific temperature change

BASIC AIRCRAFT SYSTEM

 LANDING GEAR SYSTEM

APPRAISAL TEST
Each lavatory must have built-in fire extinguisher
that discharge:
• Automatically.
• Manually.
• All the mention above.

BASIC AIRCRAFT SYSTEM

Module 11.8 Fire Protection ATA 26

Terimakasih

For Training Purpose Only